Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) like stroke and heart attack are leading causes of mortality worldwide, resulting in about 30% of deaths. The proportion in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was 46%. The commercial thrombolytic agents are thus associated with a range of side effects, while bacterially derived fibrinolytic enzymes have no or little side effects. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify novel fibrinolytic enzymes to treat or prevent CVDs. An endophytic bacterial strain producing fibrinolytic enzyme was isolated from the root of the plant Aloe castellorum. Enzyme production was enhanced through a conventional method and a statistical approach. The in vitro lytic activity of blood clots was also assessed. Endangered plant of Aloe castellorum roots, researchers isolated an endophytic strain producing fibrinolytic enzymes. It was identified as Brevibacterium sp. The culture medium was also optimized by a conventional method to screen the factors significant for successful culture. Fibrinolytic enzyme production peaked when Brevibacterium sp. was cultured in the presence of maltose (613 ± 12 U/mL), followed by starch (576 ± 13 U/mL). Among the selected nitrogen sources, yeast extract (642 ± 5.9 U/mL) and beef extract (610 ± 13 U/mL) enhanced enzyme yield relative to that in the control (487 ± 7.2 U/mL). Ionic sources such as Mg²⁺ (672 ± 10.3 U/mL) and Ca²⁺ (605 ± 12.3 U/mL) showed enhanced fibrinolytic enzyme production relative to the control (405 ± 13.2 U/mL). Upon employing a two-level full factorial design for examining the significant factors, it was revealed that maltose, yeast extract, and Mg2+ were important (p < 0.05). To enhance thrombolytic agent production using central composite design and response surface methodologies. The fibrinolytic enzyme obtained from Brevibacterium sp. has great potential to lyse blood clots in vitro.

Microsporum gypseum is a dermatophyte with a geophilic nature that is found all over the globe. It mainly causes tinea in the scalp, arms, and legs in humans. Squalene epoxidase (SE) is a crucial enzyme in M. gypseum for the biosynthesis of ergosterol. The medicinal plant Balanites aegyptiaca is an abundant supply of secondary constituents with great therapeutic values. In this research, the fruit epicarp portion was used to inhibit M. gypseum using experimental and computational techniques. The anti-dermatophytic activity of epicarp extracts on M. gypseum was evaluated using the poison plate method at five different concentrations. At 3 mg/mL, the M. gypseum was completely controlled by the fractioned chloroform extract of epicarp. The compounds from previous research were utilized for docking studies (Abuthakir et al., 2022). The ideal compounds and the drug terbinafine were then docked using Schrödinger’s Glide module. It demonstrates that (3E)-7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-3-octen-1-yl-6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside outperforms other substances and the drug terbinafine in docking analysis. Desmond, Schrödinger Molecular Dynamics simulations were also performed for (3E)-7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-3-octen-1-yl-6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside-squalene epoxidase complexes. The complex appears to be more stable, according to the MD simulation research. This study indicates that (3E)-7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-3-octen-1-yl-6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside could be used as a potential inhibitor of M. gypseum growth, and it could be studied further.

SARS-CoV-2 is a highly hazardous species that can infect people with Covid-19 disease, dramatically increasing mortality rates worldwide. Plenty of researches have been done to find drugs or inhibitors, with this study aiming to identify an inhibitor within the ChEMBL database using computational approaches. From the ChEMBL library, 19,43,048 compounds which are known type of small compounds and proteins were downloaded and docked with the Main protease (M^pro). After performing compound screening using Lipinski’s rule, Qikprop analysis following with virtual Screening, Induced Fit Docking (IFD) and MM-GBSA analysis with the Glide and Prime modules of Schrödinger, the best complex was subjected to MD simulation with Desmond. According to the docking results, small protein 2,371,668 and compound 1,090,395 were docked with Main protease with −12.6, −12.0 kcal/mol dock score and interacted with the functional site residues His 41 and Cys 145, as well as the binding site residues Thr 26, Phe 140, Asn 142, Gly 143, Glu 166, and Gln 189. Complex structures were shown to be steadier by the MD simulation study because both the ligands heavy atoms and the protein Cα atoms' RMSD values fell within acceptable ranges. As a result, this research suggests that the molecule CHEMBL2371668 and the compound CHEMBL1090395 may inhibit the activity of Main protease, and the usefulness of these molecules will be examined further through experimental research.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to a common group of illnesses affecting the heart and blood arteries. It encompasses heart valve problems, atherosclerosis, angina, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease (CAD), and infections of the heart which are considered the main causes of death. Modern medications have some success but they typically come with unfavorable side effects. Researchers are paying attention to herbal remedies because of their limited or no negative effects. This study was conducted to find out the hypolipidemic and cardioprotective potential of the ethanolic extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum (P. pterocarpum) Linn leaves in doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage in rats. Methods: The ethanolic extract of P. pterocarpum leaves was subjected to compound identification by GC-MS analysis. For in vivo analyses, the rats were divided into six groups. Cardiac damage was induced by doxorubicin at a dosage of 1.5 ml/kg b.wt. various dosages of extract (200 and 300 mg/kg b.wt.) were injected and propranolol (25 mg/kg b.wt.) is used as a standard drug. After the treatment of the extract, biochemical parameters were evaluated followed by in silico analysis. Result: The levels of cardiac marker and lysosomal enzymes significantly increased in toxin-treated rats, and the mitochondrial enzyme levels were significantly reduced. After treatment with P. pterocarpum leaf extract, the levels significantly (P less than 0.05) returned to normal. These results may prove the cardiac protective effect of the ethanolic extract of P. pterocarpum leaves in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity rats.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a complex inflammatory lung condition characterized by oxidative stress, changes in airway structure, and gradually worsening airflow blockage. Existing treatments offer only symptomatic management, emphasizing the need for multi-target therapeutic interventions. This study employed a combined approach of network pharmacology and molecular docking to investigate the therapeutic effects of bioactive compounds derived from Cladophora glomerata on COPD. Disease-associated genes were collected from GeneCards, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), while compounds from C. glomerata and their predicted molecular targets were obtained from SwissTargetPrediction. A cross-comparison of targets related to compounds and diseases revealed nine common genes, among which three central genes TP53, CASP8, and EGFR were identified using protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Analysis of gene–disease interactions highlighted Tumor Protein p53 (TP53) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) as major regulatory targets. GeneMANIA-based functional and co-expression analysis revealed predominant physical interactions (77.64%) and co-expression relationships (8.01%), highlighting strong functional connectivity among the identified genes. Molecular docking further confirmed that C. glomerata derived compounds, particularly Quinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-((2-phenylcyclopropyl)sulfonyl)-, trans- (Pubchem ID: 91709903) (−7.5 kcal/mol) and1,2,4-Oxadiazole, 3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-[(4-iodo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl]- (Pubchem ID: 5301194) (−7.3 kcal/mol), exhibit favorable predicted binding affinities toward EGFR and TP53 in molecular docking analysis. Overall, these insights suggest that Cladophora glomerata compounds may modulate key COPD-related pathways through multi-target interactions, providing a scientific basis for future experimental studies and the development of marine-derived therapeutic agents for COPD management.