Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive environmental pollutants, widely distributed from aquatic ecosystems to the terrestrial food chain, and represent a potential route of human exposure. Although several reviews have addressed MP contamination, a critical synthesis focusing on pathways through which consumer goods directly enter food and beverages, along with corresponding industry and regulatory responses, is lacking. This review fills this gap by proposing the direct release of MPs from common sources such as food packaging, kitchen utensils, and household appliances, linking the release mechanisms to human health risks. The release mechanisms of MPs under thermal stress, mechanical abrasion, chemical leaching, and environmental factors, as well as a risk-driven framework for MP release, are summarized. Human exposure through ingestion is the predominant route, while inhalation and dermal contact are additional pathways. In vitro and animal studies have associated MP exposure to inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and genomic instability as endpoints, though direct causal evidence in humans remains lacking, and extrapolation from model systems necessitates caution. This review revealed that dietary intake from kitchen sources is the primary pathway for MP exposure, higher than the inhalation pathway. Most importantly, this review critically sheds light on the initiatives that should be taken by industries with respect to global strategies and new policies to alleviate these challenges. However, while there has been an upsurge in research commenced in this area, there are still research gaps that need to be addressed to explore food matrices such as dairy products, meat, and wine in the context of the supply chain. In conclusion, we pointed out the challenges that limit this research with the aim of improving standardization; research approaches and a risk assessment framework to protect health; and the key differences between MP and nanoplastic (NP) detection, toxicity, and regulatory strategies, underscoring the need for size-resolved risk assessments.

Due to limited freshwater availability for winter wheat and summer maize, grain production in the annual double-cropping system of the low plain surrounding the Bohai Sea in North China is strongly influenced by inter-annual rainfall variability. The relatively abundant saline water resources in this region offer a potential source for irrigation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of additional saline water irrigation under deficit irrigation on the crop yields and water productivity of winter wheat and its following crop maize, as well as to determine the soil salinity dynamics and annual salt balance under saline irrigation. A two-year field experiment (2023–2025) was conducted using six irrigation treatments, namely rainfed (I0), one freshwater irrigation (If), one saline irrigation (Is), combinations of freshwater and saline irrigation (Is + If, If + Is), and two freshwater applications (If2) to evaluate the effects of an additional saline water irrigation event, compared with the commonly used freshwater irrigation regime, on crop yields, water productivity, and the soil salt balance. The results showed that a single saline irrigation event (70 mm) increased the wheat yield by 18–38% under rainfed conditions and by 7–10% under limited freshwater irrigation. In contrast, the maize yield was not affected by the additional saline irrigation applied during the winter wheat season. Although salt accumulation occurred in the topsoil following the saline irrigation of winter wheat, it did not impair maize growth, owing to salt leaching during irrigation for maize emergence and concentrated summer rainfall. Within the two-year observation period, no progressive salt accumulation was observed in the top 1 m soil profile. These findings indicate that the strategic use of saline water to supplement the crop water supply can enhance crop production under deficit irrigation, provided that soil salinity is effectively managed.