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This research study evaluated the effects of adding Scottish canal sediment after calcination at 750 °C in combination with GGBS on hydration, strength and microstructural properties in ternary cement mixtures in order to reduce their carbon footprint (CO2) and cost. A series of physico-chemical, hydration heat, mechanic performance, mercury porosity and microstructure tests or observations was performed in order to evaluate the fresh and hardened properties. The physical and chemical characterisation of the calcined sediments revealed good pozzolanic properties that could be valorised as a potential co-product in the cement industry. The results obtained for mortars with various percentages of calcined sediment confirmed that this represents a previously unrecognised potential source of high reactivity pozzolanic materials. The evolution of the compressive strength for the different types of mortars based on the partial substitution of cement by slag and calcined sediments showed a linear increase in compressive strength for 90 days. The best compressive strengths and porosity were observed in mortars composed of 50% cement, 40% slag and 10% calcined sediment (CSS10%) after 90 days. In conclusion, the addition of calcined canal sediments as an artificial pozzolanic material could improve strength and save significant amounts of energy or greenhouse gas emissions, while potentially contributing to Scotland’s ambitious 2045 net zero target and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 in the UK and Europe.
Rachid Hadj Sadok; Walid Maherzi; Mahfoud Benzerzour; Richard Lord; Keith Torrance; Agnes Zambon; Nor-Edine Abriak. Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Low Carbon Binders Manufactured from Calcined Canal Sediments and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS). Sustainability 2021, 13, 9057 .
AMA StyleRachid Hadj Sadok, Walid Maherzi, Mahfoud Benzerzour, Richard Lord, Keith Torrance, Agnes Zambon, Nor-Edine Abriak. Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Low Carbon Binders Manufactured from Calcined Canal Sediments and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS). Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9057.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachid Hadj Sadok; Walid Maherzi; Mahfoud Benzerzour; Richard Lord; Keith Torrance; Agnes Zambon; Nor-Edine Abriak. 2021. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Low Carbon Binders Manufactured from Calcined Canal Sediments and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9057.
Earthquakes cause rock fracturing, opening new flow pathways which can result in the mixing of previously isolated geofluids with differing geochemistries. Here we present the first evidence that seismic events can significantly reduce groundwater pH without the requirement for fluid mixing, solely through the process of dynamic rock fracturing. At the Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland, we observe repeated, short‐lived groundwater pH drops of 1‐3.5 units, while major and minor ion groundwater concentrations remain constant. Acidification coincides with reservoir drainage and induced microseismic events. In laboratory experiments, we demonstrate that fresh rock surfaces made by particle cracking interact with the in situ water molecules, likely through creation of surface silanols and silica radicals, increasing the H+ concentration and significantly lowering groundwater pH. Our findings are significant; pH exerts a fundamental control on the rate and outcome of most aqueous geochemical reactions and microseismic events are commonplace, even in seismically inactive regions.
M. Stillings; R. J. Lunn; S. Pytharouli; Z. K. Shipton; M. Kinali; R. Lord; S. Thompson. Microseismic Events Cause Significant pH Drops in Groundwater. Geophysical Research Letters 2021, 48, 1 .
AMA StyleM. Stillings, R. J. Lunn, S. Pytharouli, Z. K. Shipton, M. Kinali, R. Lord, S. Thompson. Microseismic Events Cause Significant pH Drops in Groundwater. Geophysical Research Letters. 2021; 48 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Stillings; R. J. Lunn; S. Pytharouli; Z. K. Shipton; M. Kinali; R. Lord; S. Thompson. 2021. "Microseismic Events Cause Significant pH Drops in Groundwater." Geophysical Research Letters 48, no. 2: 1.
Fault architecture and fracture network evolution (and resulting bulk hydraulic properties) are highly dependent on the mechanical properties of the rocks at the time the structures developed. This paper investigates the role of mechanical layering and pre-existing structures on the evolution of strike–slip faults and fracture networks. Detailed mapping of exceptionally well exposed fluvial–deltaic lithologies at Spireslack Surface Coal Mine, Scotland, reveals two phases of faulting with an initial sinistral and later dextral sense of shear with ongoing pre-faulting, syn-faulting, and post-faulting joint sets. We find fault zone internal structure depends on whether the fault is self-juxtaposing or cuts multiple lithologies, the presence of shale layers that promote bed-rotation and fault-core lens formation, and the orientation of joints and coal cleats at the time of faulting. During ongoing deformation, cementation of fractures is concentrated where the fracture network is most connected. This leads to the counter-intuitive result that the highest-fracture-density part of the network often has the lowest open fracture connectivity. To evaluate the final bulk hydraulic properties of a deformed rock mass, it is crucial to appreciate the relative timing of deformation events, concurrent or subsequent cementation, and the interlinked effects on overall network connectivity.
Billy James Andrews; Zoe Kai Shipton; Richard Lord; Lucy McKay. The growth of faults and fracture networks in a mechanically evolving, mechanically stratified rock mass: a case study from Spireslack Surface Coal Mine, Scotland. Solid Earth 2020, 11, 2119 -2140.
AMA StyleBilly James Andrews, Zoe Kai Shipton, Richard Lord, Lucy McKay. The growth of faults and fracture networks in a mechanically evolving, mechanically stratified rock mass: a case study from Spireslack Surface Coal Mine, Scotland. Solid Earth. 2020; 11 (6):2119-2140.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilly James Andrews; Zoe Kai Shipton; Richard Lord; Lucy McKay. 2020. "The growth of faults and fracture networks in a mechanically evolving, mechanically stratified rock mass: a case study from Spireslack Surface Coal Mine, Scotland." Solid Earth 11, no. 6: 2119-2140.
Concerns regarding global food security, direct or indirect land use change from bioenergy production require a better understanding of the alternative landbanks that may exist. The potential of ‘marginal’ land, whether for food or fuel production, has been the subject of much previous research but is currently compromised by the lack of a clear, globally accepted definition. A critical omission in the plethora of existing explicit or implicit definitions in use is the lack of comprehensive or consistent inclusion of non-agricultural land types, here re-defined as those now rendered unsuitable, unacceptable or permanently unavailable for food purposes. The result is variable inclusion of such land types in different areal studies, uncertainty regarding the nature of any land identified as ‘marginal’, in turn leading to inconsistent estimates of the role they could play in the provision of sustainable bioenergy. The purpose of this research is to review the full range of possible ‘marginal’ land resources, especially those which are non-agricultural so avoid food competition, from previously-developed brownfield land, to former landfills or old mineral workings. Literature examples are compared to determine which land types have actually been included and quantified. In these case studies, non-agricultural types may equal other marginal lands at country or provincial scale, becoming dominant in urban regions. An inclusive definition is proposed, together with a graphic classification scheme, to guide future studies and enable quantification of truly non-agricultural marginal land as a potential contribution to sustainable bioenergy provision as part of the net zero, circular economy.
P. Mellor; R.A. Lord; E. João; R. Thomas; Andrew Hursthouse. Identifying non-agricultural marginal lands as a route to sustainable bioenergy provision - A review and holistic definition. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020, 135, 110220 .
AMA StyleP. Mellor, R.A. Lord, E. João, R. Thomas, Andrew Hursthouse. Identifying non-agricultural marginal lands as a route to sustainable bioenergy provision - A review and holistic definition. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2020; 135 ():110220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Mellor; R.A. Lord; E. João; R. Thomas; Andrew Hursthouse. 2020. "Identifying non-agricultural marginal lands as a route to sustainable bioenergy provision - A review and holistic definition." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 135, no. : 110220.
Flooded mine workings represent potential aquifers for shallow geothermal development projects. However, determining the collapse state of such workings in advance of drilling, and predicting their hydrogeological properties can be challenging, therefore developing an understanding of the products of mine collapse is important. We investigate the internal structure of collapsed pillar and stall mine workings exposed through coastal erosion near Whitley Bay, NE England. Our data suggests these workings collapsed in stages, leaving a clay-rich anthropogenic sedimentary layer consisting of collapse breccias and muds that will have gradually reduced the water capacity of the mine workings as collapse proceeded.
Billy J. Andrews; Zoë A. Cumberpatch; Zoe Shipton; Richard Lord. Collapse processes in abandoned pillar and stall coal mines: Implications for shallow mine geothermal energy. Geothermics 2020, 88, 101904 .
AMA StyleBilly J. Andrews, Zoë A. Cumberpatch, Zoe Shipton, Richard Lord. Collapse processes in abandoned pillar and stall coal mines: Implications for shallow mine geothermal energy. Geothermics. 2020; 88 ():101904.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilly J. Andrews; Zoë A. Cumberpatch; Zoe Shipton; Richard Lord. 2020. "Collapse processes in abandoned pillar and stall coal mines: Implications for shallow mine geothermal energy." Geothermics 88, no. : 101904.
Billy J. Andrews; Zoe K. Shipton; Richard Lord; Lucy McKay. Supplementary material to "The role of pre-existing jointing on damage zone evolution and faulting style of thin competent layers in mechanically stratified sequences: a case study from the Limestone Coal Formation at Spireslack Surface Coal Mine". 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleBilly J. Andrews, Zoe K. Shipton, Richard Lord, Lucy McKay. Supplementary material to "The role of pre-existing jointing on damage zone evolution and faulting style of thin competent layers in mechanically stratified sequences: a case study from the Limestone Coal Formation at Spireslack Surface Coal Mine". . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilly J. Andrews; Zoe K. Shipton; Richard Lord; Lucy McKay. 2020. "Supplementary material to "The role of pre-existing jointing on damage zone evolution and faulting style of thin competent layers in mechanically stratified sequences: a case study from the Limestone Coal Formation at Spireslack Surface Coal Mine"." , no. : 1.
Fault and fracture networks play an important role in sub-surface fluid flow and can act to enhance, retard or compartmentalise groundwater flow. In multi-layered sequences, the internal structure and growth of faults is not only controlled by fault throw, but also the mechanical properties of lithologies cut by the fault. This paper uses geological fieldwork, combined with fault and fracture mapping, to investigate the internal structure and fault development of the mechanically stratified Limestone Coal Formation and surrounding lithologies exposed at Spireslack Surface Coal Mine. We find that the development of fault rock, and complexity of a fault zone is dependent on: a) whether a fault is self-juxtaposed or cuts multiple lithologies; b) the presence and behaviour of shale, which can lead to significant bed-rotation and the formation of fault-core lenses; and c) whether pre-existing weakness (e.g. joints) are present at the time of faulting. Pre-existing joint networks in the McDonald Limestone, and cleats in the McDonald Coal, influenced both fault growth and fluid flow within these lithologies.
Billy J. Andrews; Zoe K. Shipton; Richard Lord; Lucy McKay. The role of pre-existing jointing on damage zone evolution and faulting style of thin competent layers in mechanically stratified sequences: a case study from the Limestone Coal Formation at Spireslack Surface Coal Mine. 2020, 2020, 1 -36.
AMA StyleBilly J. Andrews, Zoe K. Shipton, Richard Lord, Lucy McKay. The role of pre-existing jointing on damage zone evolution and faulting style of thin competent layers in mechanically stratified sequences: a case study from the Limestone Coal Formation at Spireslack Surface Coal Mine. . 2020; 2020 ():1-36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilly J. Andrews; Zoe K. Shipton; Richard Lord; Lucy McKay. 2020. "The role of pre-existing jointing on damage zone evolution and faulting style of thin competent layers in mechanically stratified sequences: a case study from the Limestone Coal Formation at Spireslack Surface Coal Mine." 2020, no. : 1-36.
Kestanelik epithermal gold deposit is situated in the Biga Peninsula, which hosts numerous metallic deposits belonging to the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt. In the Biga peninsula the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt is represented by a Neo-Tethyan suture zone. Discovered deposits along the belt are commonly associated with Cenozoic magmatism ranging between 52 and 18 Ma in age, formed due syn- to post-collisional tectonics. In this study, we focus on the deposit-scale geological and mineralization characteristics of Kestanelik in order to determine the formation and evolution of the deposit within the tectono-magmatic history of the Biga Peninsula. We (1) mapped the geology of the deposit area (2) conducted paleostress analyses, (3) observed and examined the macroscopic and petrographical textural, mineralogical and alteration characteristics of the mineralization and (4) interpreted geophysical resistivity survey and geochemical assay data. The stratigraphic age of the Kestanelik deposit, bracketed by cross cutting relations and supported by the geophysical data, is middle Lutetian-early Priabonian which also implies that the deposit has a genetic link with the Cenozoic post-collisional calc-alkaline magmatism. A NE-SW oriented compressional regime determined from the paleostress analyses is consistent with the kinematics of the vein system and is attributed to the collision and further convergence after the closure of the northern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. The fracture system provided structural pathways for the transport of the hydrothermal fluids. The common presence of pseudo-bladed quartz and hydrothermal breccias, and the low total sulphide and base metal contents in the mineralized veins indicate that the Kestanelik is a low sulphidation epithermal-type gold deposit. Boiling, mixing (hypogene oxidation) and supergene enrichment are the likely gold deposition and enrichment processes respectively.
Nilay Gülyüz; Erhan Gulyuz; Zoe Shipton; Ilkay Kuşcu; Richard Lord. Geological and mineralization characteristics of the Kestanelik epithermal Au-Ag deposit in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt, NW Turkey. Geosciences Journal 2019, 24, 407 -424.
AMA StyleNilay Gülyüz, Erhan Gulyuz, Zoe Shipton, Ilkay Kuşcu, Richard Lord. Geological and mineralization characteristics of the Kestanelik epithermal Au-Ag deposit in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt, NW Turkey. Geosciences Journal. 2019; 24 (4):407-424.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNilay Gülyüz; Erhan Gulyuz; Zoe Shipton; Ilkay Kuşcu; Richard Lord. 2019. "Geological and mineralization characteristics of the Kestanelik epithermal Au-Ag deposit in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt, NW Turkey." Geosciences Journal 24, no. 4: 407-424.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) was re-analysed 10 years after application of source-segregated green waste compost at a 1 ha previously-developed UK site to compare with the increases suggested by the 4 per mille initiative proposed at COP15 in Paris. Compost prepared to PAS100 standard had been incorporated once at rates of 250, 500 and 750 t·ha−1 in 2007 in clay sub soil prior to planting of perennial energy crops. Our results show statistically significant differential increases in SOC, total nutrients N and P, or contaminants Zn, Pb, Cu, As and B, remain from the compost application after a decade. For the 500 or 750 t·ha−1 compost rates the SOC increments in the upper 10–15 cm were 0.85% or 1.6% over the 4.9% developed from a baseline of 1.8% in control areas by a decade of natural regeneration. Calculation of the elemental loadings from the compost analyses compared to the present-day levels suggest SOC declines after application at an average annual rate approaching 10%, compared to 5% for the nutrients or contaminants, roughly equivalent to half-lives of 5 or 10 years respectively. The study demonstrates the long-term soil organic matter (SOM) additions, fertility benefits and technical feasibility of a one-off, high-rate application of waste-derived compost to improve urban soils, compared to the potential trade-off of adding to PTE loadings. This longevity of SOC addition, previously unrecognised in brownfield soils, may be inferred for other areas where further cultivation is precluded, as is typical after landscape restoration or under perennial energy crops for the production of biomass. This unprecedented result has wider implications for marginal land use for bioenergy and the opportunities therein for SOC management using anthropogenic organic wastes to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
Richard Lord; Ruben Sakrabani. Ten-year legacy of organic carbon in non-agricultural (brownfield) soils restored using green waste compost exceeds 4 per mille per annum: Benefits and trade-offs of a circular economy approach. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 686, 1057 -1068.
AMA StyleRichard Lord, Ruben Sakrabani. Ten-year legacy of organic carbon in non-agricultural (brownfield) soils restored using green waste compost exceeds 4 per mille per annum: Benefits and trade-offs of a circular economy approach. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 686 ():1057-1068.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard Lord; Ruben Sakrabani. 2019. "Ten-year legacy of organic carbon in non-agricultural (brownfield) soils restored using green waste compost exceeds 4 per mille per annum: Benefits and trade-offs of a circular economy approach." Science of The Total Environment 686, no. : 1057-1068.
Robust event detection of low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) events, such as those characterized as induced or triggered seismicity, remains a challenge. The reason is the relatively small magnitude of the events (usually less than 2 or 3 on the Richter scale) and the fact that regional permanent seismic networks can only record the strongest events of a microseismic sequence. Monitoring using temporarily installed short‐period arrays can fill the gap of missed seismicity, but the challenge of detecting weak events in long continuous records is still present. Further, for low SNR recordings, commonly applied detection algorithms generally require prefiltering of the data based on a priori knowledge of the background noise. Such knowledge is often not available. We present the Nonparametric Detection (NpD) algorithm, an automated algorithm which detects potential events without the requirement for prefiltering. Events are detected by calculating the energy contained within small individual time segments of a recording and comparing it with the energy contained within a longer surrounding time window. If the excess energy exceeds a given threshold criterion, which is determined dynamically based on the background noise for that window, then an event is detected. To characterize background noise for each time window, the algorithm uses nonparametric statistics to describe the upper bound of the spectral amplitude. Our approach does not require an assumption of normality within the recordings, and hence it is applicable to all data sets. We compare our NpD algorithm with the commonly commercially applied short‐term average/long‐term average (STA/LTA) algorithm and another highly efficient algorithm based on power spectral density (PSD) using a challenging microseismic data set with poor SNR. For event detection, the NpD algorithm significantly outperforms the STA/LTA and PSD algorithms tested, maximizing the number of detected events while minimizing the number of false positives.
M. Kinali; S. Pytharouli; R. J. Lunn; Z. K. Shipton; M. Stillings; Richard Lord; S. Thompson. Detection of Weak Seismic Signals in Noisy Environments from Unfiltered, Continuous Passive Seismic Recordings. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2018, 108, 2993 -3004.
AMA StyleM. Kinali, S. Pytharouli, R. J. Lunn, Z. K. Shipton, M. Stillings, Richard Lord, S. Thompson. Detection of Weak Seismic Signals in Noisy Environments from Unfiltered, Continuous Passive Seismic Recordings. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 2018; 108 (5B):2993-3004.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Kinali; S. Pytharouli; R. J. Lunn; Z. K. Shipton; M. Stillings; Richard Lord; S. Thompson. 2018. "Detection of Weak Seismic Signals in Noisy Environments from Unfiltered, Continuous Passive Seismic Recordings." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 108, no. 5B: 2993-3004.
Brownfield land is a legacy of industrial retraction in many towns and cities worldwide, where land can remain vacant long after it has gone into disuse. The presence of derelict or vacant land is often seen as a barrier to redevelopment. Using this land for renewable energy generation is one option that can support development of a low carbon economy as well as stimulate regeneration. Fuel poverty, defined as high energy costs relative to end user income, is an increasingly pertinent social issue due to rising renewable energy costs. This is particularly true for space heating, since this accounts for nearly half of all the energy consumed in N European climates like the UK’s, so addressing fuel poverty has become a key consideration in Scotland’s internationally leading renewables policy. This article considers how deployment of renewables on brownfield land can be targeted towards addressing heat poverty in social housing. Using Glasgow as a case study, the quantity of available derelict land is first calculated, then the spatial association of social housing and urban brownfield land is demonstrated. Technology options for meeting the requirements of heat-poor households from brownfield land are presented, including scenarios using vertical or horizontal ground source heat pump arrays. The results suggest that the available urban land could easily supply the needs of all households in fuel poverty, if this scale of investment and nonmarket intervention was justified
Ross Donaldson; Richard Lord. Can brownfield land be reused for ground source heating to alleviate fuel poverty? Renewable Energy 2018, 116, 344 -355.
AMA StyleRoss Donaldson, Richard Lord. Can brownfield land be reused for ground source heating to alleviate fuel poverty? Renewable Energy. 2018; 116 ():344-355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoss Donaldson; Richard Lord. 2018. "Can brownfield land be reused for ground source heating to alleviate fuel poverty?" Renewable Energy 116, no. : 344-355.
This study presents a detailed study of the dimensions, geometry, textures and breccias of a well-exposed epithermal vein system, the Kestanelik gold deposit in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey and investigates the permeability enhancement mechanisms in epithermal gold deposits. Here mineralisation is associated with quartz veins up to 13.6 m thick. Vein textures and breccia components indicate repeated sealing and subsequent brecciation of wall rock and pre-existing vein infill. Field and petrographic analyses characterize E-W trending veins as left lateral faults, whilst NE- SW trending veins are extensional (Mode I) fractures. Cataclasite and tectonic breccia of wall rocks and early quartz, hydrothermal crackle breccias, and matrix supported chaotic breccias of pre- existing vein infill, all of which are cemented by late iron-oxide-bearing quartz, indicate that co- seismic rupturing and hydraulic fracturing are two major permeability enhancement mechanisms. In addition, transient variations in local stress direction, caused by syn-mineralisation dyke intrusion, may have enhanced permeability on mis-oriented surfaces and at locations where the dip changes. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding structural geology and kinematics as controls on the location of boiling and mineralisation mechanisms in epithermal gold deposits
Nilay Gülyüz; Zoe Shipton; Ilkay Kuşcu; Richard A. Lord; Nuretdin Kaymakcı; Erhan Gulyuz; David R. Gladwell. Repeated reactivation of clogged permeable pathways in epithermal gold deposits: Kestanelik epithermal vein system, NW Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society 2018, 175, 509 -524.
AMA StyleNilay Gülyüz, Zoe Shipton, Ilkay Kuşcu, Richard A. Lord, Nuretdin Kaymakcı, Erhan Gulyuz, David R. Gladwell. Repeated reactivation of clogged permeable pathways in epithermal gold deposits: Kestanelik epithermal vein system, NW Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society. 2018; 175 (3):509-524.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNilay Gülyüz; Zoe Shipton; Ilkay Kuşcu; Richard A. Lord; Nuretdin Kaymakcı; Erhan Gulyuz; David R. Gladwell. 2018. "Repeated reactivation of clogged permeable pathways in epithermal gold deposits: Kestanelik epithermal vein system, NW Turkey." Journal of the Geological Society 175, no. 3: 509-524.
Typically, the core-required undergraduate business statistics course covers a broad spectrum of topics with applications pertaining to all functional areas of business. The recently updated American Statistical Association's GAISE (Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education) College Report once again stresses the pedagogical importance of topic and application relevancy in an increasingly data-centered world. To this end, only two introductory textbooks have incorporated some financial investment measures (Sharpe ratio and beta coefficient) in the teaching of numerical descriptive measures and simple linear regression analysis, respectively, while a few others include them as real-data application exercises at the end of their respective chapters. Although this latter coverage is in compliance with GAISE College Report recommendations on the importance of using relevant real data applications in the teaching of introductory business statistics, it forgoes an opportunity to provide more detailed discussion within the text itself and add value to a business student's learning. Given that all business students will have an opportunity to learn about financial investment, regardless of their functional area major, this paper offers a more proactive use of these and other financial investment measures as part of the current, traditional course or as part of a suggested dedicated introductory business statistics course for finance majors.
Mark L. Berenson; Nicole B. Koppel; Richard A. Lord; Laura L. Chapdelaine. Using Financial Investment Measures to Proactively Engage Students in the Introductory Business Statistics Course. Journal of Statistics Education 2018, 26, 17 -30.
AMA StyleMark L. Berenson, Nicole B. Koppel, Richard A. Lord, Laura L. Chapdelaine. Using Financial Investment Measures to Proactively Engage Students in the Introductory Business Statistics Course. Journal of Statistics Education. 2018; 26 (1):17-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark L. Berenson; Nicole B. Koppel; Richard A. Lord; Laura L. Chapdelaine. 2018. "Using Financial Investment Measures to Proactively Engage Students in the Introductory Business Statistics Course." Journal of Statistics Education 26, no. 1: 17-30.
The perennial reed canary grass (RCG) offers considerable potential as a bioenergy crop, including on marginal land. It can be harvested for combustion, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification, and cellulosic ethanol production, and therefore also has potential for bioplastic production. It is a widely adapted temperate grass that is broadly tolerant of many stresses including flooding, drought, freezing, and grazing. RCG is found in a wide array of habitats, including wetlands, riparian zones, stream banks, irrigation channels, but also drier areas such as roadsides, forest margins, pastures, and disturbed areas, and has shown potential in diverse phytoremediation studies. RCG has a number of attributes that combine to make it a unique crop with an important role to play in the mix of energy crops grown in multiple geographies. This chapter reviews the many uses of RCG in the developing bioeconomy, highlighting the potential of this native European and North American crop in the future delivery of sustainable fossil fuel alternatives.
Elaine F. Jensen; Michael D. Casler; Kerrie Farrar; John M. Finnan; Richard Lord; Cecilia Palmborg; John Valentine; Iain S. Donnison. Reed Canary Grass. Perennial Grasses for Bioenergy and Bioproducts 2018, 153 -173.
AMA StyleElaine F. Jensen, Michael D. Casler, Kerrie Farrar, John M. Finnan, Richard Lord, Cecilia Palmborg, John Valentine, Iain S. Donnison. Reed Canary Grass. Perennial Grasses for Bioenergy and Bioproducts. 2018; ():153-173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElaine F. Jensen; Michael D. Casler; Kerrie Farrar; John M. Finnan; Richard Lord; Cecilia Palmborg; John Valentine; Iain S. Donnison. 2018. "Reed Canary Grass." Perennial Grasses for Bioenergy and Bioproducts , no. : 153-173.
Efthymia Alexopoulou; Michael D. Casler; Myrsini Christou; John Clifton-Brown; Venera Copani; Salvatore L. Cosentino; Claudia M. Daza Montaño; Iain S. Donnison; H. Wolter Elbersen; Kerrie Farrar; Ana L. Fernando; John M. Finnan; Astley Hastings; Yasir Iqbal; Elaine F. Jensen; Andreas Kiesel; Iris Lewandowski; Richard Lord; Dimitra Millioni; Andrea Monti; Salvador Nogués; Cecilia Palmborg; Calliope Panoutsou; Eleni G. Papazoglou; Luigi Pari; Nils Rettenmaier; Elena Sánchez; Antonio Scarfone; Danilo Scordia; Peter Soldatos; Giorgio Testa; John Valentine; Jan E.G. Van Dam; Douwe Van Den Berg; Federica Zanetti; Walter Zegada-Lizarazu. List of Contributors. Perennial Grasses for Bioenergy and Bioproducts 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleEfthymia Alexopoulou, Michael D. Casler, Myrsini Christou, John Clifton-Brown, Venera Copani, Salvatore L. Cosentino, Claudia M. Daza Montaño, Iain S. Donnison, H. Wolter Elbersen, Kerrie Farrar, Ana L. Fernando, John M. Finnan, Astley Hastings, Yasir Iqbal, Elaine F. Jensen, Andreas Kiesel, Iris Lewandowski, Richard Lord, Dimitra Millioni, Andrea Monti, Salvador Nogués, Cecilia Palmborg, Calliope Panoutsou, Eleni G. Papazoglou, Luigi Pari, Nils Rettenmaier, Elena Sánchez, Antonio Scarfone, Danilo Scordia, Peter Soldatos, Giorgio Testa, John Valentine, Jan E.G. Van Dam, Douwe Van Den Berg, Federica Zanetti, Walter Zegada-Lizarazu. List of Contributors. Perennial Grasses for Bioenergy and Bioproducts. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEfthymia Alexopoulou; Michael D. Casler; Myrsini Christou; John Clifton-Brown; Venera Copani; Salvatore L. Cosentino; Claudia M. Daza Montaño; Iain S. Donnison; H. Wolter Elbersen; Kerrie Farrar; Ana L. Fernando; John M. Finnan; Astley Hastings; Yasir Iqbal; Elaine F. Jensen; Andreas Kiesel; Iris Lewandowski; Richard Lord; Dimitra Millioni; Andrea Monti; Salvador Nogués; Cecilia Palmborg; Calliope Panoutsou; Eleni G. Papazoglou; Luigi Pari; Nils Rettenmaier; Elena Sánchez; Antonio Scarfone; Danilo Scordia; Peter Soldatos; Giorgio Testa; John Valentine; Jan E.G. Van Dam; Douwe Van Den Berg; Federica Zanetti; Walter Zegada-Lizarazu. 2018. "List of Contributors." Perennial Grasses for Bioenergy and Bioproducts , no. : 1.
Coal tars are a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds that were produced as a by-product from the manufactured gas and coke making industries. The composition of the tar produced varies depending on many factors; these include the temperature of production and the type of retort used. As different production processes produce different tars, a comprehensive database of the compounds present within coal tars from different production processes is a valuable resource. Such a database would help to understand how their chemical properties differ and what hazards the compounds present within these tars might pose. This study focuses on the aliphatic and aromatic compounds present in a database of 16 different tars from five different production processes. Samples of coal tar were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and derivatised post-extraction using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) with 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS). The derivatised samples were analysed using two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOFMS). A total of 198 individual aliphatic and 951 individual aromatic compounds were detected within 16 tar samples produced by five different production processes. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of coal tars varies greatly depending on the production process used to obtain the tars and this is clearly demonstrated within the results. The aliphatic composition of the tars provided an important piece of analytical information that would have otherwise been missed with the detection of petrogenic compounds such as alkyl cyclohexanes. The aromatic compositions of the tar samples varied greatly between the different production processes investigated and useful analytical information was obtained about the individual production process groups. Alkyl cyclohexanes were detected in all samples from sites known to operate Carbureted Water Gas plants and not detected in those that did not. This suggests that petrogenic material may be expected at many UK gaswork sites.
Christopher Gallacher; Russell Thomas; Richard Lord; Robert M. Kalin; Chris Taylor. Comprehensive database of Manufactured Gas Plant tars. Part B. Aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2017, 31, 1239 -1249.
AMA StyleChristopher Gallacher, Russell Thomas, Richard Lord, Robert M. Kalin, Chris Taylor. Comprehensive database of Manufactured Gas Plant tars. Part B. Aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2017; 31 (15):1239-1249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher Gallacher; Russell Thomas; Richard Lord; Robert M. Kalin; Chris Taylor. 2017. "Comprehensive database of Manufactured Gas Plant tars. Part B. Aliphatic and aromatic compounds." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 31, no. 15: 1239-1249.
Coal tars are a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds that were by-products from the manufactured gas and coke making industries. Different manufacturing processes have resulted in the production of distinctly different tar compositions. This study presents a comprehensive database of compounds produced using two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOFMS), analysing 16 tar samples produced by five distinct production processes. Samples of coal tar were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and derivatised post-extraction using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) with 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS). The derivatised samples were analysed using two-dimensional gas chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOFMS). A total of 16 tar samples originating from five different production processes: Low Temperature Horizontal Retorts, Horizontal Retorts, Vertical Retorts, Carbureted Water Gas and Coke Ovens, were analysed. A total of 2369 unique compounds were detected with 948 aromatic compounds, 196 aliphatic compounds, 380 sulfur-containing compounds, 209 oxygen-containing compounds, 262 nitrogen-containing compounds and 15 mixed heterocycles. Derivatisation allowed the detection of 359 unique compounds, the majority in the form of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, many of which would not have been detected without derivatisation. Of the 2369 unique compounds detected, 173 were found to be present within all samples. A unique comprehensive database of compounds detected within 16 tar samples from five different production processes was produced. The 173 compounds identified within every sample may be of particular importance from a regulatory standpoint. This initial study indicates that different production processes produce tars with different chemical signatures and it can be further expanded upon by in-depth analysis of the different compound types. The number of compounds presented within this database clearly demonstrates the analytical power of GCxGC/TOFMS.
Christopher Gallacher; Russell Thomas; Richard Lord; Robert M. Kalin; Chris Taylor. Comprehensive database of Manufactured Gas Plant tars. Part A. Database. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2017, 31, 1231 -1238.
AMA StyleChristopher Gallacher, Russell Thomas, Richard Lord, Robert M. Kalin, Chris Taylor. Comprehensive database of Manufactured Gas Plant tars. Part A. Database. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2017; 31 (15):1231-1238.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher Gallacher; Russell Thomas; Richard Lord; Robert M. Kalin; Chris Taylor. 2017. "Comprehensive database of Manufactured Gas Plant tars. Part A. Database." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 31, no. 15: 1231-1238.
Coal tars produced using different production processes and feedstocks yielded tars with significantly different heterocyclic and hydroxylated contents. The concentrations of the individual heterocyclic compounds varied greatly even within the different production processes and provided information about the feedstock used to produce the tars. The hydroxylated PAH content of the samples provided important analytical information that would otherwise not have been obtained without the use of derivatization and GCxGC/TOFMS.
Christopher Gallacher; Russell Thomas; Richard Lord; Robert M. Kalin; Chris Taylor. Comprehensive database of Manufactured Gas Plant tars. Part C. Heterocyclic and hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2017, 31, 1250 -1260.
AMA StyleChristopher Gallacher, Russell Thomas, Richard Lord, Robert M. Kalin, Chris Taylor. Comprehensive database of Manufactured Gas Plant tars. Part C. Heterocyclic and hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2017; 31 (15):1250-1260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher Gallacher; Russell Thomas; Richard Lord; Robert M. Kalin; Chris Taylor. 2017. "Comprehensive database of Manufactured Gas Plant tars. Part C. Heterocyclic and hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 31, no. 15: 1250-1260.
Creosote is a distillation product of coal tar and is widely used as wood preservative for railway sleepers, utility poles and for other applications. Creosote can have potentially negative effects on the environment and many of the components are toxic. This study presents the analysis of a Creosote sample from a former wood impregnation plant located in the UK. The sample was analysed using two dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) and a database of compounds that could be detected was produced. The GCxGG-TOFMS was capable of detecting 1505 individual compounds, which is far more than previous estimates for the number of compounds present within Creosote. Post extraction derivatization using BTSFA with 1% TMCS was employed to increase the potential number of compounds detected with 255 derivatized compounds detected, 231 of which would not have been detected without prior derivatization. Selected derivatized compounds were quantified with limits of detection ranging from 0.6 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg from a concentrated dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL). This work presents the first published full analysis of a Creosote using GCxGC-TOFMS combined with derivatization.
Christopher Gallacher; Russell Thomas; Christopher Taylor; Richard Lord; Robert M. Kalin. Comprehensive composition of Creosote using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). Chemosphere 2017, 178, 34 -41.
AMA StyleChristopher Gallacher, Russell Thomas, Christopher Taylor, Richard Lord, Robert M. Kalin. Comprehensive composition of Creosote using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). Chemosphere. 2017; 178 ():34-41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher Gallacher; Russell Thomas; Christopher Taylor; Richard Lord; Robert M. Kalin. 2017. "Comprehensive composition of Creosote using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS)." Chemosphere 178, no. : 34-41.
Biochars produced from pelletized grape vine (GV) and sunflower husk (SFH) agricultural residues were studied by pyrolysis in a batch reactor at 400 and 500 °C. Chemical and physical evolution of the biomass under pyrolysis conditions was determined and the products were characterized, including the main gaseous organic components. Results showed a decrease in solid biochar yield with increasing temperature. Biochar is defined as a “porous carbonaceous solid” produced by thermochemical conversion of organic materials in an oxygen depleted atmosphere, which has physiochemical properties suitable for the safe and long-term storage of carbon in the environment and, potentially, soil improvement. The aim of this work is to improve the knowledge and acceptability of alternative use of the biochar gained from agro-forestry biomass residuals, such as grape vine and sunflower husks, by means of modern chemical and physical characterization tools.
A. Colantoni; N. Evic; Richard Lord; S. Retschitzegger; Andrea R. Proto; Francesco Gallucci; D. Monarca. Characterization of biochars produced from pyrolysis of pelletized agricultural residues. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016, 64, 187 -194.
AMA StyleA. Colantoni, N. Evic, Richard Lord, S. Retschitzegger, Andrea R. Proto, Francesco Gallucci, D. Monarca. Characterization of biochars produced from pyrolysis of pelletized agricultural residues. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016; 64 ():187-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Colantoni; N. Evic; Richard Lord; S. Retschitzegger; Andrea R. Proto; Francesco Gallucci; D. Monarca. 2016. "Characterization of biochars produced from pyrolysis of pelletized agricultural residues." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 64, no. : 187-194.