The increasing degradation of the environment and its negative impact on modern economies have generated the need to understand and address the challenges faced by social and sustainable enterprises (SEs) in their quest to create economic, social, and environmental value; therefore, the study sought to analyze the challenges faced by social and SEs through a literature review that encompassed the scrutiny of databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar; where the results revealed that social entrepreneurship has become a national contribution to alleviating social, economic, and environmental concerns (Chichevaliev et al., 2023). Being necessary to counter the challenges they present to achieve dual economic and social advantages (Neumann, 2022); revealing a number of multifaceted challenges, including financial, managerial, cultural, institutional, and environmental constraints, based on three pillars (economic, environmental and social), suggesting the need for policies and programs that support the development of entrepreneurial skills and promote an enabling environment for social entrepreneurship that is sustainable in the long term. In addition, it highlights the importance of addressing the challenges identified to promote the viability and sustainability of social enterprises, as well as their contribution to achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Wheat trade sustainability has become critical amid compounding shocks—pandemic disruptions, extreme weather events, and the Russia–Ukraine war—that exposed vulnerabilities in global food supply systems. This study documents how five major wheat suppliers (Australia, Canada, the United States, Russia, and Ukraine) adjusted destination structures and revealed competitive positions during 2020–2024, and whether these structural configurations coincided with more or less stable export outcomes. Using annual FOB export data from the International Trade Centre, destination concentration is measured through the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), revealed competitive positioning is assessed using the symmetric revealed comparative advantage (SRCA) (the symmetric transformation of the Balassa RCA), and outcome stability is summarized with volatility (coefficient of variation) and maximum drawdown computed from annual export values. The United States maintained structural diversification; Canada shifted toward high concentration; Australia preserved moderate dispersion but exhibited pronounced outcome volatility; Ukraine experienced a post-2022 reconfiguration with elevated concentration and large drawdowns, whereas the Russian Federation is reported only up to 2021 due to ITC data availability in the extraction used (thus interpreted as a pre-shock baseline). Overall, export sustainability under shocks is best interpreted as a combination of destination-risk architecture, revealed positioning, and observed stability of outcomes rather than inferred from competitiveness alone.

This research aims to determine the impact of the terms of trade (ToT) on Peru's agricultural GDP for the period 2000-2022. The research is applied in nature, employs a quantitative approach, with a non-experimental, longitudinal, and explanatory design. The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between the ToT and agricultural GDP; that is, when the ToT increases by 1%, the sector's GDP grows by 0.261053%. The coefficient β1 for ToT is statistically significant (p-value = 0.0443), and the adjusted R2 of the model is 0.97. The findings imply that the government should continue implementing public policies aimed at developing agricultural infrastructure, maintaining a climate of confidence to attract investments, and investing more in training and innovation in the sector, as agricultural activity is a source of livelihood for thousands of Peruvian families, especially in rural areas of the country.

The objective of the study was to determine how the application of the work study reduces the attention times in the document processing area of the Municipality of Jequetepeque. A pre-experimental study was conducted, evaluating sixty days before and after the study. During the pretest, the total attention time was 226.08 minutes. After implementing the techniques of the work study, the post-test analysis showed a total attention time of 183.27 minutes. Two activities were identified that delayed the process by 44.44%, eliminating them and consolidating the new process into seven value-adding activities. A schedule of training was implemented in March and April, focused on solving problems such as lack of training in document management and clutter in the workspace. Compared to the pre-test data, where the average waiting time was 88.56 minutes and the total reached 226.08 minutes, there was a significant reduction of 40.51 minutes in the average time and 35.31 minutes in the total. A Wilcoxon of 0.005 was obtained and it is concluded that the work study had a significant impact on the reduction of user service time.

El control de pagos y la rentabilidad son cruciales para optimizar recursos, asegurar liquidez y mejorar la eficiencia financiera empresarial. Esta investigación evalúa el impacto del control de pagos en la rentabilidad de Horno's de Rumiñahui E.I.R.L., utilizando un enfoque cuantitativo y un alcance descriptivo. La comparación de los ratios ROA y ROE entre 2021 y 2022 muestra cambios significativos. El ROA disminuyó de 9.93% a 8.60%, pero incremento a 11.05% y 10.37% considerando el interés tardío. El ROE también cayó de 24.75% a 19.24%, pero subió a 26.79% y 22.40% con intereses. El análisis adicional indica que el control de pagos impacta la rentabilidad: las compras totales bajaron 13.30%, y las a crédito subieron 2.10%. La eficiencia en pagos disminuyó 3.02%, incrementando las cuentas por pagar un 35.58%, lo que impacta negativamente la rentabilidad. El control de pagos y la rentabilidad son esenciales para optimizar recursos, asegurar liquidez y mejorar la eficiencia financiera empresarial.

The general objective of this research was to apply the study of methods to increase the productivity of the whole anchovy packaging process in La Chimbotana. Furthermore, SDG 8 seeks to improve working conditions in the fishing sector, guaranteeing fair, safe and healthy conditions for workers, including the protection of their labor rights and access to adequate health services. The methodology was applied, quantitative approach, pre-experimental design, the sample was the same as the productivity reports, the instruments used were the Ishikawa diagram and the data collection sheets. As results, it was determined that the root causes are the lack of work methods, failures in the scales, unnecessary transportation and the absence of training. Likewise, it was identified that the initial average standard time is 17.93 min. In conclusion, it was found that the productivity of labor, machine and raw materials had an increase of 1.2 boxes for every man hour; 3.4 boxes for each machine hour and 17.9 boxes for each ton of raw material respectively, the t student statistical tool was used, where the significance value was 0.0000, validating the alternative hypothesis.