Numerous plant metabolites, especially amino acids, are accumulated as a result of stress. These amino acids are crucial for plant metabolism and development and have historically been viewed as the building blocks of proteins. Several studies suggested that there is a link between proline buildup and exposure plants to stress. Proline performs important functions under stress in addition to be a great osmolyte, antioxidant enzyme, acts as an antioxidant defense and signaling molecules. Two field trials were during two successive winter seasons (2020/2021 and 2021/2022). The effects of proline foliar application (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L−1) and irrigation water levels (irrigation by 100, 80 and 60% of crop water requirements, CWR, CWR100, CWR80 and CWR60, respectively) on plant pigments, antioxidants activity, yield traits and nutrient contents of wheat were assessed. The experiment was designed in a split-plot involving 4 replicates. Drought stress (CWR80 and CWR60) led to reductions in photosynthetic pigments, and yield components. Under severe water stress (CWR60), proline 200 and 300 mg L−1 recorded the highest values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total pigments. Application of proline 300 mg L−1 was the potent practice for enhancing the antioxidant activity% (DPPH radical scavenging) and phenols content under CWR100 and CWR80. Indole acetic acid (IAA) possessed the maximum values with proline 200 mg L−1 under all irrigation patterns. Under severe deficit water (CWR60), without proline spraying (for super oxide dismutase), 200, 300 or 400 mg L−1 proline (for peroxidase) and 200 or 400 mg L−1 proline (for polyphenol oxidase) recorded the highest values. Spraying proline 300 mg L−1 achieved the highest values of grain number spike−1, weight of 1000 grains and grain yield ha−1 under different irrigation regimes. In conclusion, proline is considered a good mitigator for drought stress, due to it increased wheat plant tolerance to water deficiency throughout improving plant physiology and consequently yields quantity and quality. The most efficient concentrations of proline for coping the adverse impact of drought were 200 and 300 mg L−1.

Conventional agricultural practices, which rely heavily on polluting agrochemicals, are pushing us towards an unsustainable future. Biofertilizers are multifaceted and span the environmental, agricultural, and economic dimensions. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of plant growth-promoting bacteria Azotobacter chrocooccum and Pseudomonas sp. and their interaction on the growth and productivity of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L. vr. Giza CV 97) under different levels of nitrogen fertilization (50, 75, and 100% nitrogen recommended dose). Nitrogen deficiency resulted in lower cotton growth, chlorophyll, and stem anatomical parameters as well as yield or yield components compared to optimal nitrogen fertilization. Application of A. chrocooccum and Pseudomonas sp. and their interaction mitigated harmful nitrogen deficiency stress. Cotton fiber quality measurements (fiber length, micronaire, and fiber strength) were insignificantly affected by bacterial biofertilizers and their interactions under all levels of nitrogen fertilization. A. chrocooccum and Pseudomonas sp. interaction was the best treatment at all levels of nitrogen fertilization, producing thicker, wider vascular conductive, cortical tissue, and xylem vessel diameters. This treatment also improved cotton growth and gave the highest seed yield, lint percentage, and boll weight.

This study examines the consumption patterns of Hassawi rice among citizens of Saudi Arabia, emphasizing their awareness of its nutritional benefits. 67.4% of 1,017 respondents to a standardized questionnaire reported eating Hassawi rice. Younger and married participants consumed more (p = 0.008 and 0.000, respectively). 92.4% of Eastern respondents ate rice, compared to lower percentages in other regions (p = 0.000). Awareness of the nutritional benefits was notably elevated; 56% of participants recognized Hassawi rice as possessing greater nutritional value relative to other rice kinds (p = 0.000). Furthermore, health-related factors affected consumption, with individuals suffering from obesity or diabetes indicating reduced intake (p < 0.05). The favored culinary techniques encompassed classic meals like Kabsa and Madroba, primarily employing plant oils or butter for their preparation. Participants recognized the principal nutrients of Hassawi rice as antioxidants, carbs, and vitamins. Notwithstanding its popularity, obstacles to consumption encompassed perceptions of elevated pricing and lack of availability in specific places. This study emphasizes the need to promote Hassawi rice for Saudi dietary diversity and health, especially in low-consumption areas. Hassawi rice's cultural significance and possible benefits in normal diets are highlighted. More research is needed on the long-term health effects of Hassawi rice.

The study aimed to assess effect of nitrogen and potassium fertigation on the growth of Citrus aurantium rootstock seedlings, to reduce the period required for their readiness for grafting. The results indicated that treating Citrus aurantium seedlings with nitrogen and potassium fertilizers at a concentration of 2.5 ml/L /L significantly enhanced the vegetative growth parameters, including the number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, plant height and stem circumference, compared to other concentrations and control treatment. Additionally, the study demonstrated the positive effect of nitrogen and potassium fertigation at a 2.5 ml/L/L concentration, in reducing the time required for the seedlings to reach a suitable stem thickness for grafting with in short period, 160 days (5 months and 10 days) only. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to use a fertigation application of nitrogen and potassium at a concentration of 2.5 ml/L for the optimal growth of Citrus aurantium rootstock seedlings. Moreover, this treatment shortens the time required for seedlings to reach an ideal stem thickness for grafting.