Turkey is a country with a migration route throughout history and has provided protection to more refugees than any other country. But, the secure deportation of refugees is stated by government officials. This research aims to determine the socio-economic characteristics of landowners who hire foreign farmworkers and the factors affecting their willingness to employ foreign farmworkers. In order to meet the objective, a survey study based on face-to-face interviews was conducted with 200 landowners producing bananas and employing foreign farmworkers in Mersin. The level of willingness to hire foreign farmworkers was calculated, and the ordinal logistic regression (OLR) model was executed to determine affective factors. According to the results, the landowners’ average age was 40.5 years, and their agricultural experience was 11.07 years, with 47% of them having a primary school degree. A total of 50% of the landowner farmers had a high willingness level, 29.5% had a medium willingness level, and 20.5% had a low willingness level. As for OLR, the factors of land size, continuity status of farmworkers, and the reasons to hire foreign farmworkers were significant (p < 0.05). Contrary to the general opinion, which is that the reason for the willingness to hire foreign farmworkers is to use them as a cheap labor force, this research found that the reason with the greatest impact is that landowner farmers have difficulty in finding local farmworkers. The shortage of agricultural labor has been filled with foreign farmworkers in Mersin province. Every foreign farmworker may be registered with one or more agricultural holdings so that the deportation of refugees does not cause a labor supply problem in agriculture; also, citizens seeking employment from other regions of Turkey may be supported to be farmworkers in regions with labor shortages. In order to avoid supply security problems in agricultural production, policymakers should urgently develop policies based on field data.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Iğdır ili merkez ilçede komşu ülkelerden gelen gıda ürünleriniayırt edip edememe durumunun tüketicilerin satın alma davranışlarını analiz etmektir. Araştırmakapsamında 198 katılımcıdan yüz yüze anket yöntemiyle elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır.Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, tüketicilerin %74.75’i sınır ticareti ya da kaçak yollarla gelenürünleri diğer ürünlerden ayırt edebilmektedir. Fiyatı aynı olan bir ürünü satın alırken sınırticareti ve kaçak yollarla gelen ürün olmasının satın alma kararlarına olan etkisi incelenmiştir.Bu ürünler hakkında bilgi sahibi olma durumu tüketicilerin %44.45’inin satın alma kararlarınıetkilerken, tüketicilerin %44.95’inin satın alma kararlarını etkilememektedir. Bu çalışmaylaIğdır ili şehir merkezinde yaşayan tüketicilerin sınır ticareti ve kaçak yollarla gelen ürünleridiğer ürünlerden ayırt edebilme durumunun hem satın alma kararlarına hem de satın almadavranışlarına etkisi incelenmiştir.

This study evaluates the technical efficiency and structural factors influencing sheep farming enterprises operating in the TRA2 sub-region (Ardahan, Kars, Ağrı, and Iğdır provinces) of North-Eastern Anatolia, Türkiye. Primary data were collected from 138 sheep farms selected through a stratified random sampling method. The technical efficiency of the enterprises was evaluated using a dual methodological framework combining Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Input-output variables integrated into the efficiency frontier model included the gross production value of sheep farming as the output, alongside roughage expenditure, concentrate feed expenditure, family labor, and veterinary/medicine costs as input variables. The empirical findings yielded a mean technical efficiency score of 0.657, supported by a Likelihood Ratio (LR) test statistic of 20.569 (p < 0.01), confirming significant technical inefficiency across the sampled farms. To identify the socio-economic determinants of efficiency, a Tobit regression analysis was performed; while operator age exhibited a positive relationship, sheep farming experience, household size, and formal education duration showed negative associations with efficiency scores, though none reached statistical significance. Additionally, Factor Analysis was employed to uncover the underlying structural multidimensional factors shaping sheep production dynamics in the region. The findings highlight key managerial and operational constraints, providing actionable insights for policymakers to promote sustainable smallholder livestock development in mountainous agro-ecological zones.