This study uses the data obtained from 63 broiler farms engaged in contract farming in Akhisar, Turkey. The average feed conversion ratio in the broiler farms is 1.75, the average live weight 2.25 kg, and the mean market age 38.9 days. The feed conversion rate and the income generated are highly correlated (r = −0.76). The production index is 313.4. According to this production index value, 47.6% of the enterprises are below the average production index. It is highest when the marketing age is greater than 38 days, less than and equal to 40. In other words, it is the optimum market age range where carcass yield is at maximum. The average mortality rate is 4.68%. In 52.4% of the enterprises, the mortality rate is above 5%. There is a low level of correlation between the mortality rate and income (r = −0.26). In broiler farming, mortality rate, and feed conversion ratio are factors that directly affect the success and income of the breeder. In broiler farming, the heating cost has the largest share of the total cost, followed by the litter cost. They are followed by labor, electricity, and pesticide costs. Variable costs account for three-quarters of the total operating costs. The farms have a mean gross value of production of $23.797 per m² and $1.400 per broiler in a breeding period. The profit margin is 0.572 $/kg per broiler. The mean enterprise net income in the breeding period is $9.197 per m² and $0.541 per broiler. These findings suggest that broiler farming is a profitable venture.

This study assesses Turkey's competitiveness in the international commerce of agri-food items using harmonized product groups. The paper also looks at the future of agri-food markets in the EU and SCO. The study's primary goals were two-fold. The primary purpose was to examine if the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) could be a viable option for Turkey's agri-food exports to the European Union (EU). The second goal was to figure out whether Turkish agricultural products have a competitive edge in the SCO and EU markets. The study also looked at the competitiveness and long-term viability of Turkish agri-food exports to the EU and SCO markets. Exports, imports, foreign trade volume, foreign trade balance, exports to imports ratio, and the Lafay index (LFI) were used in the study as comparative advantage indicators. The survival function, based on the Lafay index, was also used to anticipate the export competition time for the EU and SCO markets. While the export-import ratio for fruits and vegetables was high, the ratio for live animals and animal feeds trade between Turkey and EU and SCO states was low, according to the research. According to the data, Turkey had a competitive advantage in the export of fruits and vegetables, as well as in trade with the EU and SCO states. The study also discovered that the period of comparative advantage enjoyed by EU and SCO countries was not similar, and that the benefit was not consistent. Despite the fact that Turkey's international trade balance with the SCO nations has been fluctuating, its foreign trade with EU members has increased. As a result, Turkey should continue to trade in agri-food in the EU market while also increasing commercial connections with SCO countries.

Turkey is a country with a migration route throughout history and has provided protection to more refugees than any other country. But, the secure deportation of refugees is stated by government officials. This research aims to determine the socio-economic characteristics of landowners who hire foreign farmworkers and the factors affecting their willingness to employ foreign farmworkers. In order to meet the objective, a survey study based on face-to-face interviews was conducted with 200 landowners producing bananas and employing foreign farmworkers in Mersin. The level of willingness to hire foreign farmworkers was calculated, and the ordinal logistic regression (OLR) model was executed to determine affective factors. According to the results, the landowners’ average age was 40.5 years, and their agricultural experience was 11.07 years, with 47% of them having a primary school degree. A total of 50% of the landowner farmers had a high willingness level, 29.5% had a medium willingness level, and 20.5% had a low willingness level. As for OLR, the factors of land size, continuity status of farmworkers, and the reasons to hire foreign farmworkers were significant (p < 0.05). Contrary to the general opinion, which is that the reason for the willingness to hire foreign farmworkers is to use them as a cheap labor force, this research found that the reason with the greatest impact is that landowner farmers have difficulty in finding local farmworkers. The shortage of agricultural labor has been filled with foreign farmworkers in Mersin province. Every foreign farmworker may be registered with one or more agricultural holdings so that the deportation of refugees does not cause a labor supply problem in agriculture; also, citizens seeking employment from other regions of Turkey may be supported to be farmworkers in regions with labor shortages. In order to avoid supply security problems in agricultural production, policymakers should urgently develop policies based on field data.