Nation branding, which demonstrates countries’ power on an international platform, has gained prominence in the literature in recent years. How countries can build their strategies around these factors and make themselves attractive has become an issue of increasing interest to countries in recent years. Increasing a country’s role in the political arena, making the country more attractive to tourists, increasing the volume of foreign trade and foreign direct investment, and making the country more attractive in terms of skilled labor will improve its reputation and image, as perceived by other countries. The main objective of the study is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment, tourism expenditure, human capital, and export on nation branding in the ten countries with the highest value in nation branding (USA, Germany, China, Japan, England, France, Italy, Canada, India, South Korea) applying the dynamic panel data model for the period 2010–2020. In the present study, we use the cross-sectional dependence, the slope homogeneity test, the CIPS unit root test, and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method, one of the dynamic panel data methods. This study examined the factors involved in nation branding and found a positive and statistically significant relationship between exports, foreign direct investment, tourism, human capital, and nation branding.

This study explores the relationships among climate change, food security, economic growth, and migration in the nine countries with the lowest rankings on the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) Index. It identifies the most vulnerable countries to climate change and the least prepared, using panel data from 1999 to 2022. The results show a bidirectional causal relationship between climate change and food security. Climate change worsens food insecurity by reducing agricultural productivity, which in turn drives up food prices. Conversely, agricultural policies aimed at increasing production can contribute to climate change if implemented unsustainably. A bidirectional causal relationship has been identified between climate change, food security, and migration. Finally, a bidirectional causal relationship has also been determined between economic growth, climate change, and migration. Changes in economic growth affect sectors, the labor market, and overall well-being, which in turn influence migration decisions. All these findings provide policymakers with valuable guidance for developing sustainable strategies that consider climate change, effectively manage migration, and prioritize food security. The findings indicate that climate change, food security, economic growth, and migration cannot be addressed in isolation; therefore, a holistic policy approach should be adopted.

En tr The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between savings and economic growth theoretically and empirically in OECD countries. The relationship between savings and economic growth using data from selected OECD countries between 1988 and 2014 was examined by Panel Data Analysis. Unit root tests were used to test the stability of the variables, and the Pedroni co integration test was used to test for long term co integration relations. According to the results of the study, the effect of economic growth on saving is statistically significant and positive. Economic growth has been found to increase savings. Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel shows that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between economic growth and saving in causality results. Bu çalışmanın amacı OECD ülkelerinde tasarruf ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin teorik ve ampirik olarak irdelenmesidir. 1988-2014 yılları arasında seçili OECD ülkelerinin verileri kullanılarak tasarruf ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki Panel Veri Analizi ile incelenmiştir. Birim kök testi ile birinci dereceden durağan hale getirilen değişkenlerin uzun dönemde eş bütünleşme ilişkisi olup olmadığı Pedroni eş bütünleşme testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre ekonomik büyümenin tasarruf üzerindeki etkisi istatistikî olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yöndedir. Ekonomik büyümenin tasarrufları arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel Nedensellik sonuçlarında ekonomik büyüme ile tasarruf arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğu görülmektedir.

Sıfır atık ve geri dönüşüm, günümüzde giderek daha fazla önem kazanan konular hâline gelmiştir. Bu konular, kaynakların korunması ve çevrenin daha sürdürülebilir bir hâle getirilmesi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Sıfır atık ve geri dönüşüm, doğal kaynakların korunmasına yardımcı olur. Bu sayede, doğal kaynaklar daha uzun süre kullanılabilir hâle gelir. Sıfır atık ve geri dönüşüm, atık miktarının azaltılmasına yardımcı olur. Bu sayede, atıkların çevreye verdiği zararlar azalır. Geri dönüştürülen malzemeler, yeniden üretmek için gereken enerjinin azaltılmasına yardımcı olur. Bu çalışmada geri dönüşüm miktarlarının sınıflandırılmasında kullanılan Nüfus, Sanayi, Sağlık Kuruluşları, Termik Santral-Maden kriterlerinin geri dönüşüm uygulamalarında birbirlerine olan etkileri DEMATEL karar verme metodu kullanılarak incelendi. Bir durumu etkileyen kriterlerin birbiri üzerine olan etkilerini araştırma en uygun olan ve yoğun bir şekilde kullanılan DEMATEL karar verme metodundan faydalanarak Nüfus kriterinin diğer kriterlerle en çok ilişkili olan kriter olduğu elde edildi. Ayrıca, Termik Santral-Maden kriterinin diğer kriterlerle en az ilişkili olan kriter olduğu gözlemlendi. Bunun yanı sıra Termik Santral-Maden kriterinin diğer kriterler üzerinde en fazla etkiye sahip olduğu ve Nüfus kriterinin geri dönüşümde diğer kriterlerden en fazla etkilenen olduğu ortaya çıktı. Bu inceleme sonucunda atık madde miktarı fazla olan sınıflandırma kriterinin diğer kriterler üzerine etkisinin en az olabileceği veya diğer kriterlerden en fazla etkilenebileceği elde edildi.

The expansion of the air transportation sector, which offers significant advantages in terms of time efficiency and spatial accessibility, plays a critical role in promoting economic growth. In turn, in economies experiencing sustained growth, the demand for air transportation also tends to rise. This reciprocal relationship between economic growth and air transport has important implications for environmental sustainability. This study examines the impact of air freight transportation on environmental degradation within the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve, using panel data from the ten countries with the highest number of airports over the period 2001–2020. In the study, the CIPS unit root test, the slope homogeneity test, and the panel cointegration test are applied sequentially. Subsequently, the PMG-ARDL approach is employed to estimate the short- and long-run relationship among the variables. Finally, the direction of causality between the variables is determined using the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test. The analysis also incorporates key determinants of environmental degradation, including trade openness, industrialization, income, renewable energy consumption, and technological advancement. The empirical results indicate that air freight transportation exacerbates environmental degradation. The results support the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis and indicate that renewable energy use and industrialization contribute to environmental improvement, whereas trade openness tends to intensify environmental degradation. Additionally, a bidirectional causal relationship is found between air freight transportation and environmental degradation. Based on these findings, the study proposes policy recommendations aimed at mitigating environmental harm and promoting sustainable development.