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Estonia holds the largest unexploited sedimentary phosphate rock reserves in the EU. Compared to other sedimentary and also igneous phosphate rocks the Estonian phosphorite is particularly outstanding by its remarkably low Cd (1–5 ppm) and trace U content (~50 ppm) and also contains valuable elements such as rare earth elements (REEs), which could be used in important high-technologies in the future. In this paper beneficiation by reverse flotation of the silicates for three types of Estonian phosphorite ores was investigated. The apatite concentrates with grades of over 33 wt% P2O5 at recoveries of 84.8 to 89.2% were achieved. The concentrates had low MgO contents and grades of FeO ranged from 1.29 up to 2.54 wt%. The study gives an overview of the specifics of enrichment of Estonian shelly phosphorite ores, provides a ground for future in-depth and pilot-scale experiments to find proper solutions for the Estonian phosphorite processing and will be applied in the feasibility studies of the phosphorite industrialization.
Xiaosheng Yang; Kadriann Tamm; Indrek Piir; Rein Kuusik; Andres Trikkel; Kaia Tõnsuaadu. Evaluation of Estonian phosphate rock by flotation. Minerals Engineering 2021, 171, 107127 .
AMA StyleXiaosheng Yang, Kadriann Tamm, Indrek Piir, Rein Kuusik, Andres Trikkel, Kaia Tõnsuaadu. Evaluation of Estonian phosphate rock by flotation. Minerals Engineering. 2021; 171 ():107127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaosheng Yang; Kadriann Tamm; Indrek Piir; Rein Kuusik; Andres Trikkel; Kaia Tõnsuaadu. 2021. "Evaluation of Estonian phosphate rock by flotation." Minerals Engineering 171, no. : 107127.
Phosphorus is an essential and non-substitutable element for the cellular processes of all living organisms. The main source of phosphorus in the biosphere is phosphate rock. With more than 700 Mt phosphate rock, Estonia holds the largest sedimentary phosphate rock deposits in the European Union. Estonian phosphate rock is particularly outstanding due to its remarkably low content of hazardous heavy metals such as Cadmium (2O5 that can be added to the final product. Moreover, it was found that, with the lower dosage of the collector, the extended flotation time does not influence the phosphate grade and a high amount of quartz remains in the concentrates. It was also shown that, by raising the collector dosage and setting the flotation time, an adequate grade (>32 wt% P2O5) and recovery (up to 98%) can be gained. The results showed that Estonian phosphate rock can be beneficiated to produce a high-quality concentrate at high recovery levels by modifying the main flotation parameters depending on the properties of the ore.
Kadriann Tamm; Zeinab Arab Zadeh; Rein Kuusik; Juha Kallas; Jason Yang; Kaia Tõnsuaadu; Andres Trikkel. Effect of Flotation Time and Collector Dosage on Estonian Phosphorite Beneficiation. Minerals 2021, 11, 114 .
AMA StyleKadriann Tamm, Zeinab Arab Zadeh, Rein Kuusik, Juha Kallas, Jason Yang, Kaia Tõnsuaadu, Andres Trikkel. Effect of Flotation Time and Collector Dosage on Estonian Phosphorite Beneficiation. Minerals. 2021; 11 (2):114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKadriann Tamm; Zeinab Arab Zadeh; Rein Kuusik; Juha Kallas; Jason Yang; Kaia Tõnsuaadu; Andres Trikkel. 2021. "Effect of Flotation Time and Collector Dosage on Estonian Phosphorite Beneficiation." Minerals 11, no. 2: 114.
Despite the significant reduction of phosphorus (P) discharge in the Baltic Sea in the last decades, obtained through the implementation of some approaches within the Helsinki Convention, eutrophication is still considered the biggest problem for the Baltic Sea environment. Consequently, the reduction of P load is an urgent need to solve, but the complexity of both the environmental and legislative context of the area makes this process difficult (more than in the past). Eutrophication is an intricate issue requiring a proper framework of governance that is not easy to determine in the Baltic Sea Region where the needs of several different countries converge. To identify the most suitable strategy to reduce the eutrophication in the Baltic Sea, the InPhos project (no. 17022, 2018–2019, funded by the European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT) Raw Materials) adopted a holistic approach considering technical, political, economic, environmental and social aspects of P management. With the aims to raise awareness about the P challenge, foster the dialogue among all the stakeholders, and find solutions already developed in other countries (such as Germany and Switzerland) to be transferred in the Baltic Sea Region, the InPhos project consortium applied the methodology proposed in this paper, consisting of three main phases: (i) analysis of the available technologies to remove P from waste streams that contribute to eutrophication; (ii) analysis of the main streams involving P in Baltic Sea countries to highlight the potential of more sustainable and circular P management; (iii) study of the current context (e.g., already-existing initiatives and issues). This approach allowed us to identify four categories of recommendations and practical actions proposed to improve P management in the Baltic Sea region. During the project, the consortium mainly addressed social aspects. Following steps beyond the project will be more quantitative to determine the techno-economic feasibility of circular P management in selected demo cases in the region.
Marzena Smol; Michał Preisner; Augusto Bianchini; Jessica Rossi; Ludwig Hermann; Tanja Schaaf; Jolita Kruopienė; Kastytis Pamakštys; Maris Klavins; Ruta Ozola-Davidane; Daina Kalnina; Elina Strade; Viktoria Voronova; Karin Pachel; Xiaosheng Yang; Britt-Marie Steenari; Magdalena Svanström. Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2567 .
AMA StyleMarzena Smol, Michał Preisner, Augusto Bianchini, Jessica Rossi, Ludwig Hermann, Tanja Schaaf, Jolita Kruopienė, Kastytis Pamakštys, Maris Klavins, Ruta Ozola-Davidane, Daina Kalnina, Elina Strade, Viktoria Voronova, Karin Pachel, Xiaosheng Yang, Britt-Marie Steenari, Magdalena Svanström. Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2567.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzena Smol; Michał Preisner; Augusto Bianchini; Jessica Rossi; Ludwig Hermann; Tanja Schaaf; Jolita Kruopienė; Kastytis Pamakštys; Maris Klavins; Ruta Ozola-Davidane; Daina Kalnina; Elina Strade; Viktoria Voronova; Karin Pachel; Xiaosheng Yang; Britt-Marie Steenari; Magdalena Svanström. 2020. "Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2567.
Rare earth elements (REEs) are defined as lanthanides with Y and Sc. Rare earth occurrences including the REE-bearing phases and their distributions, measured by rare earth oxides (REOs), in the streams of processing a phosphate ore were determined by using MLA, the mineral liberation analysis and EPMA, the electron probe microanalysis. The process includes an apatite ore beneficiation by flotation and further processing of the beneficiation concentrate with sulfuric acid. Twenty-six, sixty-two and twelve percent of the total REOs (TREO) contents from the ore end up in the products of beneficiation tailings, phosphogypsum (PG) and phosphoric acid, respectively. Apatite, allanite, monazite and pyrochlore are identified as REE-bearing minerals in the beneficiation process. In the beneficiation tailings, the REEs are mainly distributed in monazite (10.3% TREO), apatite (5.9% TREO), allanite (5.4% TREO) and pyrochlore (4.3% TREO). Gypsum, monazite, apatite and other REE-bearing phases were found to host REEs in the PG and the REEs distributions are 44.9% TREO in gypsum, 15.8% TREO in monazite, 0.6% TREO in apatite and 0.6% TREO in other REE-bearing phases. Perspectives on the efficient recovery of REEs from the beneficiation tailings and the PG are discussed.
Xiaosheng Yang; Hannu Tapani Makkonen; Lassi Pakkanen. Rare Earth Occurrences in Streams of Processing a Phosphate Ore. Minerals 2019, 9, 262 .
AMA StyleXiaosheng Yang, Hannu Tapani Makkonen, Lassi Pakkanen. Rare Earth Occurrences in Streams of Processing a Phosphate Ore. Minerals. 2019; 9 (5):262.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaosheng Yang; Hannu Tapani Makkonen; Lassi Pakkanen. 2019. "Rare Earth Occurrences in Streams of Processing a Phosphate Ore." Minerals 9, no. 5: 262.
This work explores the possibility to utilize biological sulfate reduction in the treatment of phosphogypsum leachate, with a simultaneous removal of sulfate and phosphorus in continuous flow bioreactors. An efficient sulfate reduction was achieved and proof of elemental removal was acquired. The method described in this work is suggested to be applied as a passive type of installment with environmental pollution control as the primary target. In addition to sulfate reduction, rare earth elements (REE) were monitored during the process, as these valuable elements are commonly found in phosphogypsum waste.
Marja Salo; Jarno Mäkinen; Jason Yang; Matti Kurhila; Pertti Koukkari. Continuous biological sulfate reduction from phosphogypsum waste leachate. Hydrometallurgy 2018, 180, 1 -6.
AMA StyleMarja Salo, Jarno Mäkinen, Jason Yang, Matti Kurhila, Pertti Koukkari. Continuous biological sulfate reduction from phosphogypsum waste leachate. Hydrometallurgy. 2018; 180 ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarja Salo; Jarno Mäkinen; Jason Yang; Matti Kurhila; Pertti Koukkari. 2018. "Continuous biological sulfate reduction from phosphogypsum waste leachate." Hydrometallurgy 180, no. : 1-6.