Electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining more and more traction as a viable option in the automotive sector. This mode of transportation is currently on track, according to current trends, to totally replace internal combustion engine (ICE) cars in the not-too-distant future. The economic system, the energy infrastructure, and the environment are just a few of the areas where electric vehicles could have a major impact. The transportation industry produces the second-most carbon dioxide gas from the combustion of fossil fuels, making it the second-highest contributor to global warming. A lot of people are looking to EVs, or electric vehicles, as a possible game-changing answer to this problem. Since an electric motor drives the electric vehicle’s propeller instead of an internal combustion engine, electric vehicles can reduce their carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions compared to traditional automobiles. If coupled with renewable energy sources, EVs might theoretically become emission-free automobiles. In this paper, we will examine the various EV drive circuit types, including their construction and the benefits and drawbacks of employing each. This article discusses the current state of battery technology with an emphasis on EV batteries. This article discusses the best electric motor for EVs in terms of efficiency, power density, fault tolerance, dependability, cost, and more. Next, we conduct in-depth research into the difficulties and potential rewards of EV adoption in the future. While improvements in areas like charging times and battery performance are encouraging, government regulation of EVs remains a big non-technical barrier.

Traditionally, the network composition of offshore wind farms consists of alternating current (AC) grid; all outputs of wind‐energy conversion units (WECUs) on a wind farm are aggregated to an AC bus. Each WECU includes: a wind‐turbine (WT), a generator and a power transformer. For a DC collection grid, all outputs of WECUs are aggregated to a DC bus. The transformer in each WECU is replaced by a converter which is more compact and smaller in size compared with the transformer, thus simplifying the wind farm structure. The use of AC offshore grids instead of DC offshore grids is mainly motivated by the availability of protection devices. Efficient solutions to protect DC grids have already been addressed. Presently, there are no operational DC wind‐farms, only small‐scale prototypes are being investigated worldwide. Therefore, a suitable configuration of the DC collection grid, which has been practically verified, is not available yet. This study discussed some of the main components required for a DC grid including: the WT‐generator models, the control and protection methods, the platform structure, and the feeder configurations. The key component of a DC grid is the converter; therefore, this study also reviews some topologies of converter suitable for DC‐grid applications.

Power grids of the future will likely incorporate more renewable energy distributed generation (REDG), also known as alternative energy systems. REDG units are increasingly being used in electrical transmission networks because of the positive effects they have on power networks. REDG systems are the backbone of smart electric networks and are essential to the operation of the smart grid. These REDG systems can additionally improve system reliability by providing some customers with a backup generator in the event of power interruptions. This review offers a thorough evaluation of the existing body of information on the topic of electric vehicles’ (EVs’) future interactions with smart grids. The combination of the potential deployment of EVs and the smart grid’s conceptual goal presents challenges for electric grid-related infra-structure, communication, and control. The proposal for connecting EVs to the grid is based on research into cutting-edge smart metering and communication systems. In the context of the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) phenomenon, the possibilities, benefits, and limitations of various EV smart-charging systems are also fully examined. A quickly growing percentage of distributed energy is derived from wind and solar (photovoltaic) energy. The variable power output of wind and solar energy introduces fresh challenges for those responsible for organizing, operating, and controlling the power grid. While fluctuations in the electric grid are problematic, they may be mitigated by the entry of EVs into the energy market. As such, we performed a comprehensive review of the literature to learn more about this exciting research gap that needs to be filled and to identify recently developed solutions to the problems related to EVs. Additionally, in this review article, we take a close look at the practicality of V2G technology. The smart grid is a developing concept that will likely have large implications for the world’s energy infrastructure, and this study thoroughly analyzes how EVs interact with it.

A number of algorithms that aim to reduce power system losses and improve voltage profiles by optimizing distributed generator (DG) location and size have already been proposed, but they are still subject to several limitations. Hence, new algorithms can be developed or existing ones can be improved so that this important issue can be addressed more appropriately and effectively. This study proposes a reconfiguration methodology based on a hybrid optimization algorithm, consisting of a combination of the genetic algorithm (GA) and the improved particle swam optimization (IPSO) algorithm for minimizing active power loss and maintaining the voltage magnitude at about 1 p.u. The buses at which DGs should be injected were identified based on optimal real power loss and reactive power limit. When applying the proposed optimization algorithm for DGs allocation in power system, the search space or number of iterations was reduced, increasing its convergence rate. The proposed reconfiguration methodology was test in an IEEE-30 bus electrical network system with DGs allocations and the simulations were conducted using MATLAB software compared to other optimization algorithms, such as GA, PSO, and IPSO, the combination of GA and IPSO or Hybrid GA & IPSO (HGAIPSO) method has a smaller number of iterations and is more effective in optimization problems. The effectiveness of the proposed HGAIPSO has been tested on IEEE-30 bus network system with DGs allocations, and the obtained test results have been compared to those from other methods (i.e., GA, PSO, and IPSO). The simulation results show that the proposed HGAIPSO can be an efficient and promising optimization algorithm for distribution network reconfiguration problems. The IEEE-30 bus test system with DGs integrated at various location revealed reductions in overall real power loss of 40.7040%, 36.2403%, and 42.9406% for type 1, type 2, and type 3 DGs allocation, respectively. The highest bus voltage profile goes to 1.01 pu in the IEEE-30 bus.

The globe and more particularly the economically developed regions of the world are currently in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Conversely, the economically developing regions in the world (and more particularly the African continent) have not yet even fully passed through the Third Industrial Revolution (3IR) wave, and Africa’s economy is still heavily dependent on the agricultural field. On the other hand, the state of global food insecurity is worsening on an annual basis thanks to the exponential growth in the global human population, which continuously heightens the food demand in both quantity and quality. This justifies the significance of the focus on digitizing agricultural practices to improve the farm yield to meet the steep food demand and stabilize the economies of the African continent and countries such as India that are dependent on the agricultural sector to some extent. Technological advances in precision agriculture are already improving farm yields, although several opportunities for further improvement still exist. This study evaluated plant disease detection models (in particular, those over the past two decades) while aiming to gauge the status of the research in this area and identify the opportunities for further research. This study realized that little literature has discussed the real-time monitoring of the onset signs of diseases before they spread throughout the whole plant. There was also substantially less focus on real-time mitigation measures such as actuation operations, spraying pesticides, spraying fertilizers, etc., once a disease was identified. Very little research has focused on the combination of monitoring and phenotyping functions into one model capable of multiple tasks. Hence, this study highlighted a few opportunities for further focus.

The cement industry accounts for approximately 7–8% of global CO₂ emissions, primarily due to energy-intensive clinker production and limestone calcination. With cement demand continuing to rise, particularly in emerging economies, decarbonization has become an urgent global challenge. The objective of this study is to systematically map and synthesize existing evidence on technological pathways, policy measures, and economic barriers to four core decarbonization strategies: clinker substitution, energy efficiency, alternative fuels, as well as carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in the cement sector, with the goal of identifying practical strategies that can align industry practice with long-term climate goals. A scoping review methodology was adopted, drawing on peer-reviewed journal articles, technical reports, and policy documents to ensure a comprehensive perspective. The results demonstrate that each mitigation pathway is technically feasible but faces substantial real-world constraints. Clinker substitution delivers immediate reduction but is limited by SCM availability/quality, durability qualification, and conservative codes; LC₃ is promising where clay logistics allow. Energy-efficiency measures like waste-heat recovery and advanced controls reduce fuel use but face high capital expenditure, downtime, and diminishing returns in modern plants. Alternative fuels can reduce combustion-related emissions but face challenges of supply chains, technical integration challenges, quality, weak waste-management systems, and regulatory acceptance. CCUS, the most considerable long-term potential, addresses process CO₂ and enables deep reductions, but remains commercially unviable due to current economics, high costs, limited policy support, lack of large-scale deployment, and access to transport and storage. Cross-cutting economic challenges, regulatory gaps, skill shortages, and social resistance including NIMBYism further slow adoption, particularly in low-income regions. This study concludes that a single pathway is insufficient. An integrated portfolio supported by modernized standards, targeted policy incentives, expanded access to SCMs and waste fuels, scaled CCUS investment, and international collaboration is essential to bridge the gap between climate ambition and industrial implementation. Key recommendations include modernizing cement standards to support higher clinker replacement, providing incentives for energy-efficient upgrades, scaling CCUS through joint investment and carbon pricing and expanding access to biomass and waste-derived fuels.