The present study is focused on the availability of microbial sources capable of producing xylanase, a hemicelluloses-degrading enzyme with multiple modes of action along with specificity, and their real-world applications. For the accumulation of suitable data, article surfing was carried out using multiple search engines viz. Hinari and PubMed; irrelevant and duplicate articles were discarded and articles were summarized in a narrative way herein. This review article was written aiming to bridge the recent research activities with the commercial activities of xylanase going on around the globe. The readers would be able to acknowledge themselves with the basic idea of the hydrolytic enzyme xylanase, their classification representing their different families, presenting the affinity of different families at the structural level, the sources, and the commercial implications that have been going on alone and in combination. The major hemicellulose, Xylan is digested with the help of combination other enzymes such as alpha-amylase, subtilisin, protease, and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase along with xylanase. Xylanase has a diverse applications such as pharmaceutical, food and feed, bakery, paper and pulp, textile, and bio-refinery industries. The objective of this review article is to compile microbial sources of this enzyme and its application for betterment of human kind.

This study explores the formulation and assessment of herbal antioxidant tablets derived from Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) extracts for arthritis and osteoarthritis treatment. Various extraction methods were compared, revealing that 100% dehydrated ethanol at 45 degrees Celsius for four hours in a Soxhlet apparatus resulted in an 89% phenolic extraction. Although ethyl acetate yielded the highest phenolic extract (187%), its toxicity led to the selection of ethanol for further extraction. The Folin-Ciocalteu method determined the total phenolic content. The DPPH assay demonstrated positive antioxidant activity of the Urtica dioica ethanolic extract, with an IC₅₀ value of 37.5761201 μg/mL, compared to the standard ascorbic acid with an IC₅₀ value of 21.23506 μg/ml. Herbal tablets were formulated using the direct compression method. The findings highlight the potential of Urtica dioica extracts as effective herbal antioxidants for arthritis and osteoarthritis treatment. This research enhances our understanding of natural remedies and their therapeutic applications. Future investigations should delve into the clinical efficacy and safety of these herbal antioxidant tablets, paving the way for their potential integration into clinical settings. This study contributes valuable insights into the development of alternative therapies for managing arthritic conditions, emphasizing the importance of exploring nature's remedies in healthcare.

Medicinal plants have long been sought after as a source of potentially valuable compounds to combat cancer. This review purposes that the phytochemicals found in Nepalese medicinal plants possess significant potential anticancer activity, which calls for methodical evaluation. The study explores the methodologies employed in screening the anticancer activity of medicinal plants found in Nepal. Full-text original research articles were searched on “Google Scholar” and “PubMed” using keywords “Anticancer” and “Medicinal plants”. The obtained plant species in the articles were looked over in the National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories (KATH) Plant Database to confirm their existence in Nepal. A list of 71 plant species showing anticancer activity was obtained. Active phytochemicals and screening methods of the plants reported in the articles were then analysed. The 71 plants contained 84 bioactive compounds, namely 7 alkaloids, 10 polyphenols, 1 saponins, 5 phytosterols, 29 terpenoids, 11 flavonoids, 3 polysaccharides, and 18 other miscellaneous compounds that showed anticancer activities. Likewise, 77.78% of the studies used cell line-based in vitro experiments while 6.94% of the methods employed animal-based in vivo methods, and the remaining 15.28% combined both approaches. In particular, 54.51% of the papers used multiple cell lines, while the remaining used single cell lines. These findings highlight the trend of screening methods, significance and potential of these plants in anticancer properties.

Objectives: The present study utilizes a quality by design approach to develop a simple, robust, and stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantifying dapagliflozin (DAPA) and linagliptin (LINA) in a fixed-dose combination and validate it according to the ICH-Q2 (R1) guidelines. Materials and Methods: The effect of critical method parameters (CMPs), namely percentage of acetonitrile (ACN), pH of the buffer, and flow rate, on critical quality attributes (CQAs) such as retention time, area, tailing factor, and theoretical plates was studied using Box–Behnken design (BBD). Response optimizer was utilized to optimize the experimental conditions. The mobile phase (MP) consisted of ACN and phosphate buffer (0.01 M KH2PO4). The chromatographic separation was performed in C 18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with ultraviolet (UV) detection set at 225 nm. The method was validated according to the ICH-Q2 (R1) guideline and applied to estimate DAPA and LINA in commercially available fixeddose combination. Results: The study on the effect of the CMPs against the four CQAs using BBD produces second-order polynomial equations. The optimized condition consisted of ACN and phosphate buffer (0.01 M KH2PO4, pH 6.5) in the ratio of 43:57 as a MP maintained at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min through C 18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with an oven temperature of 35°C, and UV detection at 225 nm. The method successfully detected the peak of DAPA and LINA at retention times of 4.64 and 7.35 min, respectively, demonstrating good resolution. There was a linear relationship between the concentration of the drugs and their corresponding area, with an R2 value of 0.9975 for DAPA and 0.9996 for LINA over the concentration range of 13.5–24.5 µg/mL and 7.0–13 µg/mL, respectively. The optimized assay conditions were validated according to the ICH-Q2 (R1) guidelines. The method was suitable for the assay of a marketed tablet. The forced degradation study revealed DAPA to be susceptible to alkaline degradation while LINA was prone to acidic, alkaline, oxidative, and photolytic degradation. Conclusion: An analytical method was developed for the quantitative estimation of DAP and LINA using BBD and validated according to the ICH-Q2 (R1) guidelines. The proposed method was utilized for the analysis of drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and to assess drug stability under various stress conditions.

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global threat, exacerbated by the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials. This study evaluated antimicrobial use and prescribing patterns among inpatients in three tertiary hospitals in Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional point prevalence survey of the inpatient module of the standardized Global-PPS methodology was conducted across three tertiary hospitals in Nepal during the 2022 Global-PPS Period 2 (P2) survey, carried out between May and August 2022. Data were collected via a paper-based form (University of Antwerp;) and analyzed descriptively. Antimicrobial use was defined as the proportion of inpatients receiving at least one systemic antimicrobial on the day of the survey. Results: Of 379 patients eligible for the study, 233 (61.5%) received at least one antimicrobial, with the highest prevalence observed in adult and neonatal intensive care units (ICUs). Out of 371 antibiotic prescriptions, third-generation cephalosporins (30.2%) and carbapenems (8.1%) were the most frequently prescribed, and 61.0% of overall antibiotics belonged to the Watch group of WHO AWaRe classification. Surgical prophylaxis often exceeded recommended durations, with 91.5% of prophylactic antibiotics prescribed for more than one day. Empirical therapy dominated 56.33% of all prescriptions, with targeted therapy limited to 4.04%. Conclusions: The high overall prevalence of antimicrobial use, the reliance on empirical therapy, and over-reliance on Watch-group antibiotics and Unclassified AWaRe antibiotics highlights the urgent need for robust antimicrobial stewardship programs in Nepal.