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Vegetated swales are a popular sustainable drainage system (SuDS) used in a wide range of environments from urban areas and transport infrastructure, to rural environments, sub-urban and natural catchments. Despite the fact that vegetated swales, also known as grassed swales, have received scientific attention over recent years, especially from a hydrological perspective, there is a need for further research in the field, with long-term monitoring. In addition, vegetated swales introduce further difficulties, such as the biological growth occurring in their surface layer, as well as the biological evolution taking place in them. New developments, such as the implementation of thermal devices within the cross-section of green SuDS for energy saving purposes, require a better understanding of the long-term performance of the surface temperature of swales. This research aims to contribute to a better understanding of these knowledge gaps through a descriptive analysis of a vegetated swale in Ryton, Coventry, UK, under a Cfb Köppen climatic classification and a mixed rural and peri-urban scenario. Precipitation and temperature patterns associated with seasonality effects were identified. Furthermore, a level of biological evolution was described due to the lack of periodical and planned maintenance activities, reporting the presence of both plant species and pollinators. Only one event of flooding was identified during the three hydrological years monitored in this research study, showing a robust performance.
Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda; Jorge Roces-García; Stephen J. Coupe; Esther Barrios-Crespo; Carlos Rey-Mahía; Felipe P. Álvarez-Rabanal; Craig Lashford. Descriptive Analysis of the Performance of a Vegetated Swale through Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring: A Case Study from Coventry, UK. Water 2020, 12, 2781 .
AMA StyleLuis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda, Jorge Roces-García, Stephen J. Coupe, Esther Barrios-Crespo, Carlos Rey-Mahía, Felipe P. Álvarez-Rabanal, Craig Lashford. Descriptive Analysis of the Performance of a Vegetated Swale through Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring: A Case Study from Coventry, UK. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2781.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda; Jorge Roces-García; Stephen J. Coupe; Esther Barrios-Crespo; Carlos Rey-Mahía; Felipe P. Álvarez-Rabanal; Craig Lashford. 2020. "Descriptive Analysis of the Performance of a Vegetated Swale through Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring: A Case Study from Coventry, UK." Water 12, no. 10: 2781.
This novel research models the impact that commonly used sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) have on runoff, and compare this to their land take. As land take is consistently cited as a key barrier to the wider implementation of SuDS, it is essential to understand the possible runoff reduction in relation to the area they take up. SuDS management trains consisting of different combinations of detention basins, green roofs, porous pavement and swales were designed in MicroDrainage. In this study, this is modelled against the 1% Annual Exceedance Potential storm (over 30, 60, 90, 120, 360 and 720 min, under different infiltration scenarios), to determine the possible runoff reduction of each device. Detention basins were consistently the most effective regarding maximum runoff reduction for the land they take (0.419 L/s/m2), with porous pavement the second most effective, achieving 0.145 L/s/m2. As both green roofs (20.34%) and porous pavement (6.76%) account for land that would traditionally be impermeable, there is no net-loss of land compared to a traditional drainage approach. Consequently, although the modelled SuDS management train accounts for 34.86% of the total site, just 7.76% of the land is lost to SuDS, whilst managing flooding for all modelled rainfall and infiltration scenarios.
Craig Lashford; Susanne Charlesworth; Frank Warwick; Matthew Blackett. Modelling the Role of SuDS Management Trains in Minimising Flood Risk, Using MicroDrainage. Water 2020, 12, 2559 .
AMA StyleCraig Lashford, Susanne Charlesworth, Frank Warwick, Matthew Blackett. Modelling the Role of SuDS Management Trains in Minimising Flood Risk, Using MicroDrainage. Water. 2020; 12 (9):2559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCraig Lashford; Susanne Charlesworth; Frank Warwick; Matthew Blackett. 2020. "Modelling the Role of SuDS Management Trains in Minimising Flood Risk, Using MicroDrainage." Water 12, no. 9: 2559.
Increased urbanisation, economic growth, and long-term climate variability have made both the UK and China more susceptible to urban and river flooding, putting people and property at increased risk. This paper presents a review of the current flooding challenges that are affecting the UK and China and the actions that each country is undertaking to tackle these problems. Particular emphases in this paper are laid on (1) learning from previous flooding events in the UK and China, and (2) which management methodologies are commonly used to reduce flood risk. The paper concludes with a strategic research plan suggested by the authors, together with proposed ways to overcome identified knowledge gaps in flood management. Recommendations briefly comprise the engagement of all stakeholders to ensure a proactive approach to land use planning, early warning systems, and water-sensitive urban design or redesign through more effective policy, multi-level flood models, and data driven models of water quantity and quality.
Matteo Rubinato; Andrew Nichols; Yong Peng; Jian-Min Zhang; Craig Lashford; Yan-Peng Cai; Peng-Zhi Lin; Simon Tait. Urban and river flooding: Comparison of flood risk management approaches in the UK and China and an assessment of future knowledge needs. Water Science and Engineering 2019, 12, 274 -283.
AMA StyleMatteo Rubinato, Andrew Nichols, Yong Peng, Jian-Min Zhang, Craig Lashford, Yan-Peng Cai, Peng-Zhi Lin, Simon Tait. Urban and river flooding: Comparison of flood risk management approaches in the UK and China and an assessment of future knowledge needs. Water Science and Engineering. 2019; 12 (4):274-283.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatteo Rubinato; Andrew Nichols; Yong Peng; Jian-Min Zhang; Craig Lashford; Yan-Peng Cai; Peng-Zhi Lin; Simon Tait. 2019. "Urban and river flooding: Comparison of flood risk management approaches in the UK and China and an assessment of future knowledge needs." Water Science and Engineering 12, no. 4: 274-283.
In recent decades, rapid urbanization has resulted in a growing urban population, transformed into regions of exceptional socio-economic value. By removing vegetation and soil, grading the land surface and saturating soil air content, urban developments are more likely to be flooded, which will be further exacerbated by an anticipated increase in the number of intense rainfall events, due to climate change. To date, data collected show that urban pluvial flood events are on the rise for both the UK and China. This paper presents a critical review of existing sustainable approaches to urban flood management, by comparing UK practice with that in China and critically assessing whether lessons can be learnt from the Sponge City initiative. The authors have identified a strategic research plan to ensure that the sponge city initiative can successfully respond to extreme climatic events and tackle pluvial flooding. Hence, this review suggests that future research should focus on (1) the development of a more localized rainfall model for the Chinese climate; (2) the role of retrofit SuDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems) in challenging water environments; (3) the development of a robust SuDS selection tool, ensuring that the most effective devices are installed, based on local factors; and (4) dissemination of current information, and increased understanding of maintenance and whole life-costing, alongside monitoring the success of sponge cities to increase the confidence of decision makers (5) the community engagement and education about sponge cities.
Craig Lashford; Matteo Rubinato; Yanpeng Cai; Jingming Hou; Soroush Abolfathi; Stephen Coupe; Susanne Charlesworth; Simon Tait. SuDS & Sponge Cities: A Comparative Analysis of the Implementation of Pluvial Flood Management in the UK and China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 213 .
AMA StyleCraig Lashford, Matteo Rubinato, Yanpeng Cai, Jingming Hou, Soroush Abolfathi, Stephen Coupe, Susanne Charlesworth, Simon Tait. SuDS & Sponge Cities: A Comparative Analysis of the Implementation of Pluvial Flood Management in the UK and China. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (1):213.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCraig Lashford; Matteo Rubinato; Yanpeng Cai; Jingming Hou; Soroush Abolfathi; Stephen Coupe; Susanne Charlesworth; Simon Tait. 2019. "SuDS & Sponge Cities: A Comparative Analysis of the Implementation of Pluvial Flood Management in the UK and China." Sustainability 11, no. 1: 213.
Road drainage is one of the most relevant assets in transport infrastructure due to its inherent influence on traffic management and road safety. Highway filter drains (HFDs), also known as "French Drains", are the main drainage system currently in use in the UK, throughout 7000 km of its strategic road network. Despite being a widespread technique across the whole country, little research has been completed on their design considerations and their subsequent impact on their hydraulic performance, representing a gap in the field. Laboratory experiments have been proven to be a reliable indicator for the simulation of the hydraulic performance of stormwater best management practices (BMPs). In addition to this, stormwater management tools (SMT) have been preferentially chosen as a design tool for BMPs by practitioners from all over the world. In this context, this research aims to investigate the hydraulic performance of HFDs by comparing the results from laboratory simulation and two widely used SMT such as the US EPA's stormwater management model (SWMM) and MicroDrainage®. Statistical analyses were applied to a series of rainfall scenarios simulated, showing a high level of accuracy between the results obtained in laboratory and using SMT as indicated by the high and low values of the Nash-Sutcliffe and R (2) coefficients and root-mean-square error (RMSE) reached, which validated the usefulness of SMT to determine the hydraulic performance of HFDs.
Luis Angel Sañudo-Fontaneda; Daniel Jato-Espino; Craig Lashford; Stephen J. Coupe. Simulation of the hydraulic performance of highway filter drains through laboratory models and stormwater management tools. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2017, 25, 19228 -19237.
AMA StyleLuis Angel Sañudo-Fontaneda, Daniel Jato-Espino, Craig Lashford, Stephen J. Coupe. Simulation of the hydraulic performance of highway filter drains through laboratory models and stormwater management tools. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017; 25 (20):19228-19237.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis Angel Sañudo-Fontaneda; Daniel Jato-Espino; Craig Lashford; Stephen J. Coupe. 2017. "Simulation of the hydraulic performance of highway filter drains through laboratory models and stormwater management tools." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 20: 19228-19237.
This chapter compares the two contrasting water management methods whose purpose is to provide flood resilience in cities. It compares the abilities of conventional drainage and sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS) to address these issues, their benefits and weaknesses. Hard infrastructure flood management focuses on engineered solutions that reduce flooding of the surrounding area and, as a result, many UK streams in towns and cities have been either culverted or brick lined, which has generated a dependence on these structures during periods of high rainfall. As well as culverting, a number of hard abatement measures have been used both in the UK and internationally to manage high runoff; these are discussed. There are a variety of devices that can be used to control flow rates throughout a SuDS management train and some of these are introduced, including Hydro-brake, and weir.
Craig Lashford; Susanne M. Charlesworth; Frank Warwick. Water Quantity. Sustainable Surface Water Management 2016, 57 -78.
AMA StyleCraig Lashford, Susanne M. Charlesworth, Frank Warwick. Water Quantity. Sustainable Surface Water Management. 2016; ():57-78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCraig Lashford; Susanne M. Charlesworth; Frank Warwick. 2016. "Water Quantity." Sustainable Surface Water Management , no. : 57-78.
Programs such as Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and MicroDrainage have created Sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDS) add-ons that can model the role of different devices in reducing runoff. Modelling SuDS can replicate reduction in water quantity and improvements in water quality. It is an effective way of understanding likely impacts prior to development and can be used to inform policy and best practice procedures. The chapter considers some computer models that have been used to model drainage, have the potential to model SuDS or have been used for that purpose. It presents a case study for modelling the Impacts of a SuDS Management Train at Prior Deram Park, Coventry, UK, Using Microdrainage. This case study is based in the Canley Regeneration Zone (CRZ), 6 km south-west of Coventry city centre, and covers 5 ha in total, part of which was brownfield.
Craig Lashford; Susanne M. Charlesworth; Frank Warwick. Modelling for Design. Sustainable Surface Water Management 2016, 270 -284.
AMA StyleCraig Lashford, Susanne M. Charlesworth, Frank Warwick. Modelling for Design. Sustainable Surface Water Management. 2016; ():270-284.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCraig Lashford; Susanne M. Charlesworth; Frank Warwick. 2016. "Modelling for Design." Sustainable Surface Water Management , no. : 270-284.
Sustainable Drainage (SuDS) improves water quality, reduces runoff water quantity, increases amenity and biodiversity benefits, and can also mitigate and adapt to climate change. However, an optimal solution has to be designed to be fit for purpose. Most research concentrates on individual devices, but the focus of this paper is on a full management train, showing the scale-related decision-making process in its design with reference to the city of Coventry, a local government authority in central England. It illustrates this with a large scale site-specific model which identifies the SuDS devices suitable for the area and also at the smaller scale, in order to achieve greenfield runoff rates. A method to create a series of maps using geographical information is shown, to indicate feasible locations for SuDS devices across the local government authority area. Applying the larger scale maps, a management train was designed for a smaller-scale regeneration site using MicroDrainage® software to control runoff at greenfield rates. The generated maps were constructed to provide initial guidance to local government on suitable SuDS at individual sites in a planning area. At all scales, the decision about which device to select was complex and influenced by a range of factors, with slightly different problems encountered. There was overall agreement between large and small scale models.
Susanne Charlesworth; Frank Warwick; Craig Lashford. Decision-Making and Sustainable Drainage: Design and Scale. Sustainability 2016, 8, 782 .
AMA StyleSusanne Charlesworth, Frank Warwick, Craig Lashford. Decision-Making and Sustainable Drainage: Design and Scale. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (8):782.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusanne Charlesworth; Frank Warwick; Craig Lashford. 2016. "Decision-Making and Sustainable Drainage: Design and Scale." Sustainability 8, no. 8: 782.
Susanne Charlesworth; Colin A. Booth; Frank Warwick; Craig Lashford; Omolara O. Lade. Rainwater Harvesting - Reaping a Free and Plentiful Supply of Water. Water Resources in the Built Environment 2014, 151 -164.
AMA StyleSusanne Charlesworth, Colin A. Booth, Frank Warwick, Craig Lashford, Omolara O. Lade. Rainwater Harvesting - Reaping a Free and Plentiful Supply of Water. Water Resources in the Built Environment. 2014; ():151-164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSusanne Charlesworth; Colin A. Booth; Frank Warwick; Craig Lashford; Omolara O. Lade. 2014. "Rainwater Harvesting - Reaping a Free and Plentiful Supply of Water." Water Resources in the Built Environment , no. : 151-164.
The potential water quantity benefits of various sustainable drainage system (SUDS) management trains compared to conventional pipe‐based drainage systems are examined using the commercially available software WinDes® to model a site at Prior Deram Park, Coventry, UK, by investigating its response to a 1 in 100 years 30, 360, and 720 min winter rainfall event. The site is currently subject to a regeneration plan whereby the Park will be replaced with 250 houses. The housing layout was designed in ArcGIS and transferred to WinDes® and flood hydrographs of the likely outflow from each system simulated. The outputs from each system were then compared and it was found that an 88% reduction of peak flow was achieved using a SUDS management train that consisted of green roofs, porous paving, swales and dry detention ponds in comparison to pipe based drainage systems. The type of SUDS also appears critical; detention ponds can reduce peak flow by 82.9% when compared to systems without detention ponds. It is however likely that some form of flow control will be required at the outflow point as the peak runoff generated was significantly higher than acceptable values of 23 L/s for the site.
Craig Lashford; Susanne Charlesworth; Frank Warwick; Matthew Blackett. Deconstructing the Sustainable Drainage Management Train in Terms of Water Quantity - Preliminary Results for Coventry, UK. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 2014, 42, 187 -192.
AMA StyleCraig Lashford, Susanne Charlesworth, Frank Warwick, Matthew Blackett. Deconstructing the Sustainable Drainage Management Train in Terms of Water Quantity - Preliminary Results for Coventry, UK. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water. 2014; 42 (2):187-192.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCraig Lashford; Susanne Charlesworth; Frank Warwick; Matthew Blackett. 2014. "Deconstructing the Sustainable Drainage Management Train in Terms of Water Quantity - Preliminary Results for Coventry, UK." CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 42, no. 2: 187-192.
This paper reviews the devices suitable for building scale application and then outlines three case studies, two from Coventry, UK and one from Valencia, Spain. The first assesses the potential to retrofit an extensive green roof to the Frederick Lanchester Library, Coventry University. Costings are given, the structural strength of the building is investigated and various benefits of its installation, including potential to sequester and store carbon, are assessed. The second reports part of the AQUAVAL Project, Spain, whereby an extensive green roof was retrofitted to half of a school roof and porous concrete retrofitted to a pavement. Preliminary monitoring results show expected benefits, including attenuation of the storm peak and increased time to peak. The third case study using WinDes® software compared a conventionally drained new-build housing estate with a Sustainable Drainage Systems train of porous paving, bioretention and swales. Stormwater volume was reduced by ∼20% and peak flow by >250 L s–1. Addition of extensive green roofs to all buildings increased these differences and delayed return to baseflow conditions reflecting water stored in the management train components.
S. M. Charlesworth; S. Perales-Momparler; Craig Lashford; Frank Warwick. The sustainable management of surface water at the building scale: preliminary results of case studies in the UK and Spain. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 2013, 62, 534 -544.
AMA StyleS. M. Charlesworth, S. Perales-Momparler, Craig Lashford, Frank Warwick. The sustainable management of surface water at the building scale: preliminary results of case studies in the UK and Spain. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua. 2013; 62 (8):534-544.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. M. Charlesworth; S. Perales-Momparler; Craig Lashford; Frank Warwick. 2013. "The sustainable management of surface water at the building scale: preliminary results of case studies in the UK and Spain." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 62, no. 8: 534-544.