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Community and stakeholder engagement is increasingly recognized as essential to science at the nexus of food, energy, and water systems (FEWS) to address complex issues surrounding food and energy production and water provision for society. Yet no comprehensive framework exists for supporting best practices in community and stakeholder engagement for FEWS. A review and meta-synthesis were undertaken of a broad range of existing models, frameworks, and toolkits for community and stakeholder engagement. A framework is proposed that comprises situational awareness of the FEWS place or problem, creation of a suitable culture for engagement, focus on power-sharing in the engagement process, co-ownership, co-generation of knowledge and outcomes, the technical process of integration, the monitoring processes of reflective and reflexive experiences, and formative evaluation. The framework is discussed as a scaffolding for supporting the development and application of best practices in community and stakeholder engagement in ways that are arguably essential for sound FEWS science and sustainable management.
Andrew Kliskey; Paula Williams; David Griffith; Virginia Dale; Chelsea Schelly; Anna-Maria Marshall; Valoree Gagnon; Weston Eaton; Kristin Floress. Thinking Big and Thinking Small: A Conceptual Framework for Best Practices in Community and Stakeholder Engagement in Food, Energy, and Water Systems. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2160 .
AMA StyleAndrew Kliskey, Paula Williams, David Griffith, Virginia Dale, Chelsea Schelly, Anna-Maria Marshall, Valoree Gagnon, Weston Eaton, Kristin Floress. Thinking Big and Thinking Small: A Conceptual Framework for Best Practices in Community and Stakeholder Engagement in Food, Energy, and Water Systems. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2160.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew Kliskey; Paula Williams; David Griffith; Virginia Dale; Chelsea Schelly; Anna-Maria Marshall; Valoree Gagnon; Weston Eaton; Kristin Floress. 2021. "Thinking Big and Thinking Small: A Conceptual Framework for Best Practices in Community and Stakeholder Engagement in Food, Energy, and Water Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2160.
The Portage Waterway in Michigan's Upper Peninsula supports traditional Anishnaabe walleye (or ogaawag in the Anishnaabe language) spear-harvesting for the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (KBIC). Through reserved Indian treaty fishing rights, KBIC is highly involved in the waterway's stewardship and annual community spear-harvest. Tribal leadership and fisheries personnel have long documented that annual harvests are far below sustainable quotas. The objectives of this research were to 1) understand the values and concerns of KBIC tribal members on Anishnaabe walleye (ogaawag) spear-harvesting, 2) examine water temperature patterns during the spring 2018 harvest to seek insight on how harvests may be optimized, and 3) integrate Anishinaabe gikendaasowin or traditional knowledge with science and education. We conducted an online survey in February 2018, containing 27 questions, to gain preliminary insight on KBIC's perspectives of the annual walleye (ogaawag) spear-harvest. Nearly all respondents highly value the spear-harvest tradition personally and on behalf of the community. Similarly, nearly all agreed that it is important for the KBIC to manage its own fishery resources, and that the Tribe's Natural Resources Department effectively does so. Respondents also expressed concerns about factors that could impact their harvests, including environmental changes and confrontations with non-Native residents. From May 1 to May 19, 2018, we deployed 13 Onset HOBO Pro V2 temperature dataloggers across the Portage Waterway to measure spring warming patterns in locations popular for spear-fishing. This period encompassed the entire KBIC spear-harvest season, with dataloggers recording water temperature every two hours. Temperature data show that management of the harvest season may need revision, as embayments and sloughs where spear-fishing largely occurs warmed significantly earlier than other parts of the waterway. As the presence of walleye (ogaawag) in shallow waters depends on temperature, some parts of the waterway should be opened for harvesting earlier. Our findings will be prepared in a formal recommendation for KBIC leadership in efforts to increase harvests for the Tribal community that rely on walleye (ogaawag) as a sacred and traditional food source.
Andrew T. Kozich; Valoree S. Gagnon; Gene Mensch; Sophia Michels; Nicholas Gehring. Walleye Ogaawag Spearing in the Portage Waterway, Michigan: Integrating Mixed Methodology for Insight on an Important Tribal Fishery. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 2020, 169, 101 -116.
AMA StyleAndrew T. Kozich, Valoree S. Gagnon, Gene Mensch, Sophia Michels, Nicholas Gehring. Walleye Ogaawag Spearing in the Portage Waterway, Michigan: Integrating Mixed Methodology for Insight on an Important Tribal Fishery. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education. 2020; 169 (1):101-116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew T. Kozich; Valoree S. Gagnon; Gene Mensch; Sophia Michels; Nicholas Gehring. 2020. "Walleye Ogaawag Spearing in the Portage Waterway, Michigan: Integrating Mixed Methodology for Insight on an Important Tribal Fishery." Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 169, no. 1: 101-116.
Correction for ‘Responses of deposition and bioaccumulation in the Great Lakes region to policy and other large-scale drivers of mercury emissions’ by J. A. Perlinger et al., Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2018, 20, 195–209.
J. A. Perlinger; Noel Urban; A. Giang; N. E. Selin; A. N. Hendricks; H. Zhang; A. Kumar; S. Wu; V. S. Gagnon; H. S. Gorman; E. S. Norman. Correction: Responses of deposition and bioaccumulation in the Great Lakes region to policy and other large-scale drivers of mercury emissions. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 2019, 21, 1065 -1066.
AMA StyleJ. A. Perlinger, Noel Urban, A. Giang, N. E. Selin, A. N. Hendricks, H. Zhang, A. Kumar, S. Wu, V. S. Gagnon, H. S. Gorman, E. S. Norman. Correction: Responses of deposition and bioaccumulation in the Great Lakes region to policy and other large-scale drivers of mercury emissions. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 2019; 21 (6):1065-1066.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. A. Perlinger; Noel Urban; A. Giang; N. E. Selin; A. N. Hendricks; H. Zhang; A. Kumar; S. Wu; V. S. Gagnon; H. S. Gorman; E. S. Norman. 2019. "Correction: Responses of deposition and bioaccumulation in the Great Lakes region to policy and other large-scale drivers of mercury emissions." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 21, no. 6: 1065-1066.
The effect of policy on fish mercury levels varies spatially, even within the Great Lakes Basin.
J. A. Perlinger; Noel Urban; A. Giang; N. E. Selin; A. N. Hendricks; H. Zhang; A. Kumar; S. Wu; V. S. Gagnon; Hugh Gorman; E. S. Norman. Responses of deposition and bioaccumulation in the Great Lakes region to policy and other large-scale drivers of mercury emissions. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 2018, 20, 195 -209.
AMA StyleJ. A. Perlinger, Noel Urban, A. Giang, N. E. Selin, A. N. Hendricks, H. Zhang, A. Kumar, S. Wu, V. S. Gagnon, Hugh Gorman, E. S. Norman. Responses of deposition and bioaccumulation in the Great Lakes region to policy and other large-scale drivers of mercury emissions. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 2018; 20 (1):195-209.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. A. Perlinger; Noel Urban; A. Giang; N. E. Selin; A. N. Hendricks; H. Zhang; A. Kumar; S. Wu; V. S. Gagnon; Hugh Gorman; E. S. Norman. 2018. "Responses of deposition and bioaccumulation in the Great Lakes region to policy and other large-scale drivers of mercury emissions." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 20, no. 1: 195-209.
Working collaboratively with communities is commonly considered a cornerstone of good practice in research involving social-ecological concerns. Increasingly, funding agencies also recognise that such collaborations are most productive when community partners have some influence on the design and implementation of the projects that benefit from their participation. However, researchers engaged with this work often struggle to actively engage community members in this way and, in particular, Indigenous peoples. In this article, we argue that useful strategies for facilitating such engagement are to leave space in the research plan for questions of interest to community partners and to encourage equitable interactions between all participants through the use of forums in which power dynamics are intentionally flattened. We demonstrate the use of this technique in an interdisciplinary, multi-jurisdictional research study involving the fate and transport of toxic compounds that lead to fish consumption advisories throughout the world. In this project, the use of participatory forums resulted in community partners in Michigan’s Keweenaw Bay area of Lake Superior shaping a key aspect of the research by raising the simple but significant question: ‘When can we eat the fish?’. Their interest in this question also helped to ensure that they would remain meaningful partners throughout the duration of the project. The conclusion emphasises that further integration of Indigenous and community-based research methods has the potential to significantly enhance the process and value of university-community research engagement in the future.
Valoree Gagnon; Hugh Gorman; Emma Norman. Power and politics in research design and practice: Opening up space for social equity in interdisciplinary, multi-jurisdictional and community-based research. Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement 2017, 10, 164 .
AMA StyleValoree Gagnon, Hugh Gorman, Emma Norman. Power and politics in research design and practice: Opening up space for social equity in interdisciplinary, multi-jurisdictional and community-based research. Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement. 2017; 10 ():164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValoree Gagnon; Hugh Gorman; Emma Norman. 2017. "Power and politics in research design and practice: Opening up space for social equity in interdisciplinary, multi-jurisdictional and community-based research." Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement 10, no. : 164.
Ojibwe Gichigami (“Ojibwa’s Great Sea”) is the spirit name for Lake Superior; it is also the homeland of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (KBIC) where Gichigami fishing has sustained the people for nearly a millennia. As signatories to the 1842 Treaty With The Chippewa, the KBIC retain rights for hunting, fishing, and gathering, and worship within ten-million acres of ceded land and water territory. However, due to elevated levels of toxics such as methyl-mercury and polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs), Lake Superior is currently under numerous fish consumption advisories that inform the public of harmful contamination levels. Thus, harvesting provides socio-cultural and spiritual wellbeing for the KBIC, and simultaneously, places their physical health at great risk. By using ethnographic methods and oral histories, this article illustrates how an intersecting history of KBIC treaty rights, tribal fish harvesting, and toxic risk is the center of their water story. Over the course of several decades, they have encountered dire consequences due to federal assimilation policies, state regulatory control over their harvesting, and environmental degradation and contamination. KBIC present-day perspectives of toxic risk are rooted in this history. In 1971, the Michigan Supreme Court presented a landmark decision: the People v. Jondreau reaffirmed 1842 treaty rights for the KBIC. This precedential decision was followed by Great Lakes states issuing the nation’s first fish advisories. The KBIC historical context is imperative to understanding present day environmental policy and its relevance (or irrelevance) for those most at-risk, emphasizing how social injustices are manifested through a people’s water history.
Valoree S. Gagnon. Ojibwe Gichigami (“Ojibwa’s Great Sea”): an intersecting history of treaty rights, tribal fish harvesting, and toxic risk in Keweenaw Bay, United States. Water History 2016, 8, 365 -384.
AMA StyleValoree S. Gagnon. Ojibwe Gichigami (“Ojibwa’s Great Sea”): an intersecting history of treaty rights, tribal fish harvesting, and toxic risk in Keweenaw Bay, United States. Water History. 2016; 8 (4):365-384.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValoree S. Gagnon. 2016. "Ojibwe Gichigami (“Ojibwa’s Great Sea”): an intersecting history of treaty rights, tribal fish harvesting, and toxic risk in Keweenaw Bay, United States." Water History 8, no. 4: 365-384.
Over the last half century, a multijurisdictional, multiscale system of governance has emerged to address concerns associated with toxic chemicals that have the capacity to bioaccumulate in organisms and biomagnify in food chains, leading to fish consumption advisories. Components of this system of governance include international conventions (such as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Minamata Convention on Mercury), laws enacted by nation states and their subjurisdictions, and efforts to adaptively manage regional ecosystems (such as the U.S.–Canadian Great Lakes). Given that many of these compounds – including mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides such as toxaphene – circulate throughout the globe through cycles of deposition and reemission, regional efforts to eliminate the need for fish consumption advisories cannot be successful without efforts to reduce emissions everywhere in the world. This paper argues that the scientific community, by monitoring the concentrations of these compounds in the atmosphere and by modeling their fate and transport, play an important role in connecting the various jurisdictional scales of governance. In addition, the monitoring networks that this community of scientists has established can be visualized as a technology of governance essential in an era in which societies have the capacity to produce and release such chemicals on an industrial scale.
Hugh S Gorman; Valoree Gagnon; Emma S Norman. Local impacts, global sources: The governance of boundary-crossing chemicals. History of Science 2016, 54, 443 -459.
AMA StyleHugh S Gorman, Valoree Gagnon, Emma S Norman. Local impacts, global sources: The governance of boundary-crossing chemicals. History of Science. 2016; 54 (4):443-459.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHugh S Gorman; Valoree Gagnon; Emma S Norman. 2016. "Local impacts, global sources: The governance of boundary-crossing chemicals." History of Science 54, no. 4: 443-459.