Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a significant global health issue characterized by progressive loss of kidney function, impacting quality of life and increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality. This paper explores the multifaceted role of physical activity in managing CKD, focusing on its benefits, safety considerations, and best practices for exercise prescription, based on systematic reviews of literature sourced from PubMed and Google Scholar. While physical activity has been shown to offer substantial benefits, such as improved cardiovascular outcomes, enhanced physical function, and reduced inflammation, safety concerns are paramount. These include potential risks associated with exercise intensity and its effects on kidney function and overall health. The paper also evaluates best practices for integrating exercise into CKD management, based on recent evidence and expert recommendations. Our findings suggest that regular physical activity is a crucial component of CKD management, with significant potential to improve patient outcomes. However, tailored exercise programs that account for individual patient conditions and disease stages are essential to maximize benefits and minimize risks. This review underscores the need for ongoing research and refined guidelines to optimize exercise interventions for CKD patients, ensuring safe and effective integration into standard care practices.

Background: ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is one of the most commonly diagnosed neurobiological disorders in children and adolescents. It is characterized by difficulties in maintaining attention, impulsivity, and excessive physical activity, which affect daily functioning at school, at home, and in social interactions. Traditional approaches to ADHD treatment are primarily based on pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy. However, there is a growing interest in the role of physical activity as a natural and complementary method for managing the disorder. Aim: This article aims to analyze the impact of different forms of physical activity on alleviating ADHD symptoms amongst young patients and to explore the mechanisms through which sports can serve as an effective therapeutic tool. Materials and methods: A review was conducted incorporating data from PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords such as “ADHD”, “sports”, “physical activity”,“mental health”, “adolescents” and “children”. Results: Scientific studies indicate that regular physical activity, particularly aerobic exercises and team sports, can improve executive functions, emotional regulation, and concentration levels in children with ADHD. Moreover, physical activity influences neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine, which play a key role in ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: A literature review suggests that incorporating physical activity into the daily lives of children with ADHD can help alleviate symptoms such as inattention, impulsivity, impaired executive function, emotional dysregulation, and poor concentration. However, study outcomes remain inconsistent and call for further investigation. Gaining a clearer understanding of the mechanisms through which physical activity exerts its effects, as well as determining the most effective approaches, could support the development of new therapeutic strategies for managing ADHD in young individuals.

Introduction and purpose Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection stands as the prevalent infection among newborns and it may be associated with later complications such as progressive sensorineural hearing loss or neurological diseases. Infection occurs during pregnancy or during childbirth. Congenital CMV infections manifest in various ways, ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe complications such as microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly, and chorioretinitis. Routine antibody screenings for pregnant women are not common, underlining the significance of early infection detection to minimize the risks of transmission to the fetus and potential complications in the child. The aim of this case report is to present the course of congenital CMV infection and its complication. This case report explores the challenges of managing an infant with congenital CMV infection complicated by hydrocephalus and viral co-infections. The infant underwent various treatments, including antiviral therapy, highlighting the need for multidisciplinary approaches. Conclusion With no available vaccine, prevention of congenital CMV infection relies on educating reproductive-age women and expectant mothers about infection risks. Early detection, frequent medical check-ups, and preventive education are crucial due to the absence of vaccines. Ongoing exploration of antiviral treatments and prompt interventions is imperative to improve outcomes for infants and families affected by the virus.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM Cognitive impairment is frequent disease in elderly people, prompting to the suspection of dementia. Considering the multi-disease nature and complexity of the treatment process for the geriatric population, it is crucial to exclude the several other disease processes and to actively search for causes of cognitive impairment, especially reversible conditions whose treatment can significantly improve cognitive function. DESCRIPTION OF THE CASE An 89-year-old man was admitted to the Geriatrics Unit due to progressive cognitive impairment and motor signs with the suspected dementia diagnosis. After a broad physical examination, laboratory tests and neuroimaging, the brain tumor was detected. The treatment included antiedematous drugs- Mannitol and Dexamethasone. The treatment resulted in an improvement of the contact with the patient and his general condition. CONCLUSION This clinical case demonstrates the relevance of searching for less common causes of cognitive impairment, as well as the necessity of careful investigation of concomitant coexisting symptoms, which can often lead us to the right diagnosis .

Sialic acids (Sia) are a structurally diverse family of nine-carbon sugars that play a crucial role in cell–cell communication, immune modulation, and neurodevelopment. Their unique ability to form homo- and oligo-polymers, along with a variety of linkages and chemical modifications, contributes to the complexity of glycosylation patterns on cell surfaces. Particularly enriched in the Central Nervous System (CNS), polysialic acids are involved in processes such as synaptogenesis, neuroplasticity, and modulation of neurotransmitter activity. This study explores the biosynthesis, recycling, and functional roles of Sia in the CNS, emphasizing their involvement in immune regulation via SIGLEC receptors and complement system modulation. It also addresses the pathological implications of Sia mimicry by pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and E. coli, which exploit sialylation to evade immune responses.

Retinoblastoma is the most common ocular malignancy in children. It results from mutations in the RB1 gene or from MYCN oncogene amplification. We distinguish between the more common unilateral form and the rarer bilateral form. It is important to note that bilateral retinoblastoma is always hereditary. The most common and characteristic symptom is the white pupillary reflex. In addition, the child may develop strabismus or heterochromia. Treatment methods vary, ranging from those aimed at salvaging the eye to those involving total enucleation. Prognosis depends on the location and stage of the tumor. This review aims to explore the literature on new therapeutic methods and recent discoveries in the field of retinoblastoma.