Amaç: HIV tedavisinde Abakavir'in kullanımı için en büyük kontrendikasyonu aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonudur. Abakavir'e karşı gelişen aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonu HLA-B57:01 alleli varlığı ile yakın ilişkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın yapıldığı tarihlerde ülkemizde bu alanda çok merkezli farklı bir çalışma yapılmamıştı. Bu çalışmada, HIV pozitif yeni tanı almış, henüz tedaviye başlamamış hasta grubundaki HLA-B57:01 allel sıklığının allel spesifik PCR ile taranması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Retrospektif olan çalışma için Ocak-Aralık 2021 tarihlerinde ''Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, Ulusal HIV-AIDS Doğrulama ve Viral Hepatitler Referans Laboratuvarına'' yeni tanı almış 235 hastaya ait plazma örneklerinden izole edilen DNA örnekleri dâhil edilmiştir. HLA-B57:01 allel sıklığının allel spesifik PCR ile taranması amaçlanmış, pozitif bulunan örnekler için semi-nested PCR yapılmıştır. DNA örneklerinin izlenebilmesi için EDTA 0,5 M, 10XTBE solüsyonları hazırlanmıştır. Verilerin analizi SPSS15 paket programında yapılmıştır. Bulgular: HLA-B57:01 allel varlığı yönünden test edilen toplam 235 örneğin 5'inde (%2,12) allel pozitifliği saptandı. Pozitif bulunan 5 hastanın 35 yaş ve altındaki hasta grubunda olduğu belirlendi. HLA-B57:01 pozitifliği ile cinsiyet arasındaki ilişkide; pozitif hastaların erkek olduğu, tüm erkek hastaların %2,8'inin HLA-B57:01 alleli taşıdığı belirlendi (p=0,371). Coğrafik dağılım değerlendirildiğinde; en sık allel pozitifliği Karadeniz Bölgesinde izlenmiştir. Sonuç: Test edilen örneklerin azlığı sebebiyle, bölgesel temsiliyet sağlanamamıştır. İlerleyen dönemde, tüm bölgeleri temsil edecek düzeyde örneklerin dâhil edildiği, allel varlığı ile birlikte klinik yansımalarının da değerlendirilebileceği, HLA-B57:01 allel ile CD4 Th lenfosit sayısı arasındaki ilişkinin saptanabileceği, aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonu veya benzeri semptomlarda deri yama testi gibi geniş kapsamlı çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmış olup bu çalışmamızın da sonraki çalışmalara ışık tutacağı kanaati oluşmuştur.

Fermentation is among the oldest food technologies, yet its relevance now extends well beyond preservation. Fermented foods are increasingly viewed as matrix-dependent biological systems whose microbial and chemical composition evolves during fermentation and post-fermentation processing, and whose functional components may undergo further transformation during gastrointestinal digestion and host–microbiome interaction, rather than as passive carriers of single nutrients or microorganisms. This review synthesizes mechanistic, compositional, and clinical evidence on fermented foods as functional foods through three core scientific pillars: (i) the biological and matrix-related determinants of functionality, including microbial genotype and community ecology, enzymatic transformation, matrix restructuring, fermentation and post-fermentation processing, gastrointestinal digestion, and host phenotype; (ii) the principal fermentation-derived bioactive systems, including bioactive peptides, exopolysaccharides, organic acids, microbially synthesized vitamins, bioaccessible minerals, biotransformed phenolics, γ-aminobutyric acid and related amino acid derivatives, bacteriocins, bioactive lipids, and postbiotic components; and (iii) the mechanistic pathways linking these systems to immune, metabolic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, neuroimmune, and aging-related outcomes. Building on these foundations, the review further examines two translational dimensions: precision nutrition, with emphasis on interindividual variability, host–microbiome interactions, responder phenotypes, and product-specific human evidence; and next-generation functional fermented foods, integrating systems-level host–microbiome frameworks, multiomics, emerging predictive technologies, sustainability, safety, and regulatory translation. Microbial–epithelial–immune signaling, short-chain fatty acid receptor activation, regulatory T-cell modulation, intestinal barrier reinforcement, bile acid signaling, and selected fermentation-derived bioactive systems are supported by mechanistic evidence. Strong translational evidence is concentrated in well-characterized product–endpoint combinations, while broad metabolic, endocrine, neurocognitive, neurodegenerative, and healthy-aging claims are heterogeneous, limited, or mostly supported by preclinical and observational evidence. Poor strain-level and process characterization, varied product formulations, limited intervention periods, weak comparators, and extrapolation from isolated microbes or metabolites to whole fermented meals continue to hinder causal interpretation in the literature. Thus, future research should replace generic fermented food categories with reproducible product fingerprints integrating matrix composition, strain-resolved microbial identity, fermentation parameters, viable and non-viable fractions, metabolomic profiles, dose, and host characteristics. To determine which fermented products have clinically meaningful effects, in whom, through which mechanisms, and under what conditions, standardized controlled human interventions, multiomics with causal mediation approaches, precision nutrition frameworks, and integrated safety and regulatory evaluation are needed.

Background/Objectives: Acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are widely used antiviral agents, but comparative data on neuropsychiatric adverse event reporting are limited. This study’s aim was to compare neuropsychiatric adverse event reporting among acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir and to evaluate the influence of demographic and temporal factors. Methods: A retrospective pharmacovigilance analysis was conducted using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS, Q4 2003–Q3 2025). Unique reports in which acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir was the primary suspect drug were analyzed. Disproportionality was assessed using the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), and information component (IC). Between-drug differences in the proportion of neuropsychiatric reports were examined using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, region (with Japan as a separate category), and reporting year, together with overlap and inverse probability weighting and sensitivity analyses. A narrow clinical phenotype (encephalopathy/neurotoxicity, altered consciousness/delirium, hallucination/psychosis, and seizure) was the primary outcome, and a broad System Organ Class (SOC)-based definition was a secondary outcome. Results: Of 16,071 unique primary-suspect reports (acyclovir, 6641; valacyclovir, 8980; famciclovir, 450), 4942 (30.8%) contained at least one nervous system or psychiatric Preferred Term (broad definition), and 2471 (15.4%) contained the narrow phenotype. All three drugs showed strong disproportionality signals for encephalopathy-related terms (e.g., toxic encephalopathy ROR 71.63 for acyclovir and 123.39 for valacyclovir; neurotoxicity ROR 55.74 and 48.57, respectively). For the primary narrow phenotype, reporting did not differ between valacyclovir and acyclovir (aOR 1.06, 95% CI 0.96–1.17) and was not higher for famciclovir (aOR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54–0.96; adjusted p = 0.055). Only with the secondary broad definition was the adjusted proportion of neuropsychiatric reports higher for valacyclovir (aOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.07–1.24) and famciclovir (aOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.14–1.75) than for acyclovir. The valacyclovir difference was confined to reports from Japan (aOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.52–2.33) and was absent elsewhere (aOR 1.06, 95% CI 0.98–1.15; interaction p < 0.001), whereas the famciclovir excess reflected non-specific terms such as dizziness and headache. Older age was independently associated with neuropsychiatric reporting (narrow phenotype: aOR 2.52, 95% CI 2.24–2.82). Conclusions: Acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir share a consistent, encephalopathy-dominated neuropsychiatric reporting signal in FAERS. Apparent between-drug differences depended on the case definition and on reports from Japan and should not be interpreted as differences in neurotoxic risk. Clinical vigilance for encephalopathy is warranted with all three agents, particularly in older patients, while recognizing that FAERS data cannot establish causality or absolute risk.