Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of during six weeks core and weight lifting trainings on strength development, muscle and tissue damage which may occur. Method: The research group consisted of sixteen volunteers who participated in the same age group. Participants were divided into two groups, core training group (n: 8) and weight lifting training group (n: 8). Participants continued to the program for the group to which the belonged lasted for three days a week for six weeks. Participant's performance measures (Back and leg strength, hand grip strength, vertical jump) were taken and blood samples were taken twice at rest before and at the end of the training sessions. AST, ALT, LDH, CK and CK-MB levels were determined in the blood samples taken. SPSS 22 package program was used in the analysis of the obtained data. Paired samples t test was used for intra-group comparisons. Results: When intra-group analyses are made; there were significant differences in the leg strength, vertical jump, CK and CK-MB values of the weight lifting training group, it was determined that only differences in back and leg strength values occurred in the core training group(p<0,05). Conclusion: As a result, both core and weight lifting training have led to some improvement in strength parameters. It can be said that especially weight lifting training also causes muscle damage as well as strength development.

This study investigates the effects of core training on some strength, lower extremity functions, and balance performances in judoka. The study was based on a two-group pretest-posttest experimental design with repeated measures. The study included 12 female (F) judo athletes aged 12-18 years and 10 male (M) judo athletes aged 12-17 years. Three measurements for core strength (push-ups, planks, sit-ups), six different single leg hop tests (SLHT) for lower extremity muscle strength and YBT for balance were performed before and after 6-week core training. Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, and Paired sample t-tests were used in statistical analyses. The increases in limb symmetry index (LSI) scores were remarkable. When the push-up and plank times and sit-up scores of F and M participants were compared with the pre-test, a significant increase was observed in favor of the post-test. When we examined the dominant (D) leg hop for distance, we found that M and F judoka's SLD, THD, MSTHD, MRHD, and CHD post-test scores all increased (except F; CHD) and also M and F showed better performance in SL6MD. Similar performance outputs were seen in the non-dominant (ND) leg hop for distance measurements (only not changed F; THND). Finally, it was valuable to note that both right and left leg YBT scores showed a considerable rise in the post-test assessments. As a result, core exercise practices may improve the sit-up score by improving the time in push-ups and planks in judoka. In addition, it may improve balance performance by affecting lower extremity functions.

Background and Study Aim This study investigated the effects of HIIT (high-intensity interval training) implementations on some serum elements, resting heart rate, total body weight, and BMI parameters in tennis players. Material and Methods The study group consisted of 20 athletes (aged 18-22) who were actively playing tennis. The athletes were divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) group. To assign participants to these groups homogeneously, preliminary measurements were made before the study, and the results were used for clustering analysis. While the control group continued their regular tennis training, the experimental group was given additional HIIT three days a week besides regular tennis training. Measurements of BMI, resting heart rate, and body weight were taken, and serum samples were collected before and after training from both groups. The SPSS package program was used in data analysis. The level of significance was set at p<0.05 in the tests. Participants showed significant differences in sodium, calcium, iron, resting heart rate, weight, and BMI parameters between groups (p<0.05). Results However, no significant differences between the groups were found in potassium, chlorine, and magnesium parameters (p>0.05). The within-group measurements of sodium, calcium, resting heart rate, weight and BMI levels decreased in the experimental group in the post-test, while iron levels were higher in the post-test compared to the pre-test value (p0.05). Conclusions Training remodelled with HIIT implementation can affect athletes' element levels, BMI, total body weight, and resting heart rate. In addition, the increase in iron levels due to HIIT in the experimental group was important. We believe that this may affect both muscle contraction functions and the efficiency performance output. Lastly, due to the decrease of calcium and sodium elements with HIIT implementations, we suggest that HIIT applications should not be performed unsupervised. In addition, by tracking the element levels of athletes, they should be supported with supplements or nutritional meals in line with expert advice when necessary.

Aim: This study sought answers to the problem of whether the lung respiratory volume capacities of boulder sport climber athletes are completely different by gender, or if there is a difference only in some parameters. The study was carried out with 12 male and 13 female athletes competing in the youth boulder sports climbing Turkish championships. Athletes with a training history of more than two years were included in the study with a preliminary evaluation of their training histories and physical characteristics. Demographic information such as the age and gender of the athletes were recorded, and their height, weight, and BMI (body mass index) levels were determined to form a homogeneous group. Athletes with physically similar characteristics were included in the study. The lung breathing capacities of the boulder sport climbers were measured using the MIR Spirolab 4 spirometer device. These measurements were conducted at least three times on each athlete, and their best values were recorded. During the spirometry measurements, the athletes were seated and dressed in comfortable clothing. Additionally, spring nose clips were attached to the athletes' noses to prevent air leakage. At the time of the measurements, the air temperature was in the range of 18-22 °C and humidity was 30-60%. The data obtained were analyzed in the SPSS 22.0 package software, and a free seven-day trial version of GraphPad Prism 8 was used for presenting the figures. To determine the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, histogram charts, skewness and kurtosis, q-q plot, and stem-leaf plots were examined, and the distribution was observed to be normal. Independent samples t-test was used to determine the difference between the two groups. The level of significance was considered as p<0.05. The FEV1/FVC, VT, ERV, IRV, IC, MVV, and MVT volume capacities of the boulder sport climbers were similar in male and female athletes. However, VC, PEF, and MEF 75% were significantly different, PEF 25-75% and MEF 50% were highly different, and FEV1 and MEF 25% were at very highly different levels. These differences were in favor of male boulder sport climbers. Contrary to expectations that female athletes had lower lung volume capacities than male athletes, it was determined that while some lung volume capacities of the bouldering athletes were similar in male and female athletes, in other parameters they were in favor of male athletes. Bu araştırma, boulder spor tırmanışçı sporcuların akciğer solunum hacim kapasiteleri cinsiyet göre tamamen farklı mıdır, yoksa sadece bazı parametrelerde mi bir farklılık söz konusudur şeklindeki sorunsal sürece cevap aramaktadır. Çalışma gençler boulder spor tırmanış Türkiye şampiyonasında 12 erkek ve 13 kadın boulder spor tırmanışı yapan sporcu ile sürdürüldü. Çalışma katılacak sporcuların antrenman geçmişleri ve fiziksel özellikleri ile ilgili ön değerlendirme yapılarak en az 2 yıldan daha fazla antrenman geçmişine sahip sporcular çalışmaya dâhil edildi. Sporcular hakkında yaş, cinsiyet gibi demogafik bilgiler kayıt edilerek homojen bir grup olması açısından boy, kilo ve BMI (beden kitle indeks) düzeyleri tespit edildi. Fiziksel olarak benzer özelliklere sahip sporcular çalışmaya kabul edildi. Boulder spor tırmanışçıların akciğer solunum kapasiteleri MIR Spirolab 4 spirometre cihazı ile ölçüldü. Ölçümler her sporcuya en az 3 kez yaptırıldı ve en iyi değeri kaydedildi. Spirometrik ölçümler esnasında sporcular oturur pozisyonda, rahat kıyafet içerisinde ve hava sızıntısını önlemek için sporcuların burunlarına yaylı kıskaçlar takıldı. Ölçüm esnasında hava sıcaklığı 18-22 ℃ ve nem 30-60% aralığındaydı. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 22.0 paket programda analiz edildi ve şekilsel ifadeler için yedi günlük ücretsiz GraphPad Prism 8 deneme sürümü kullanıldı. Verilerin normalliğini belirlemek için; Kolmogorov Smirnnov, histogram grafikleri, basıklık ve diklik, q-q plot, dal yaprak grafiklerine bakıldı ve dağılım normaldi. İki grup arasındaki farklılığın belirlenmesi için Independent Samples t testi kullanıldı. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0.05 olarak kabul edildi. Boulder spor tırmanışçı sporcuların FEV1/FVC, VT, ERV, IRV, IC, MVV, MVT hacim kapasiteleri erkek ve kadın sporcularda benzer düzeydeydi. Ancak VC, PEF, MEF %75 anlamlı düzeyde, PEF%25-75, MEF%50 yüksek düzeyde, FEV1 ve MEF%25 ise çok yüksek düzeyde farklıydı. Bu farklılık erkek boulder spor tırmanışçı sporcuların lehineydi. Kadın sporcuların akciğer hacim kapasiteleri erkek sporculara göre daha düşüktür şeklindeki beklentinin aksine, boulder spor tırmanışçılar sporcuların bazı akciğer hacim kapasiteleri erkek ve kadın sporcularda benzer düzeydeyken bazı parametrelerde erkek sporcuların lehine olduğu görüldü.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmenlerinin fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ile mesleki tükenmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışma, öğretmenlerin fiziksel aktivite ve tükenmişlik durumlarını farklı demografik değişkenler açısından değerlendirerek, tükenmişlik düzeylerini etkileyen faktörleri belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, nicel araştırma yöntemine dayalı tarama modeli kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Hakkari ilinde Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı devlet okullarında görev yapan 80 beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmeninden oluşmaktadır. Veriler, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi (IPAQ) ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri-Eğitici Formu (MTE) kullanılarak toplanmış, SPSS programı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin normal dağılım gösterdiği belirlendiği için analizlerde parametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, öğretmenlerin fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin düşük olduğunu ve mesleki tükenmişlik düzeylerinin orta düzeyde seyrettiğini göstermiştir. Fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile tükenmişliğin alt boyutlarından kişisel başarı arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki saptanırken, duygusal tükenme ve duyarsızlaşma boyutları ile fiziksel aktivite düzeyi arasında anlamlı bir ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır (P >0.05). Sonuç olarak, fiziksel aktivite düzeyinin artırılmasının, öğretmenlerin kişisel başarı algılarını olumlu yönde etkileyebileceği belirlenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, öğretmenlerin fiziksel aktivite alışkanlıklarını artıracak programlar geliştirilmesi, çalışma koşullarının iyileştirilmesi ve sosyal destek mekanizmalarının güçlendirilmesi önerilmektedir. Bu tür müdahaleler, mesleki tükenmişlik düzeylerinin azaltılmasına ve öğretmenlerin motivasyonlarının artırılmasına katkı sağlayabilir.

Introduction or background: Altitude training is a well-established strategy for improving athletic performance, particularly in endurance sports. Hypoxic exposure induces physiological adaptations through oxygen sensing and erythropoietic mechanisms. However, the comparative effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on hematological and biochemical markers under different altitude conditions have not yet been adequately investigated. Sources of data: This prospective cohort study included 24 trained male athletes (aged 19–23) who were randomly assigned to aerobic or anaerobic training groups (n = 12 per group). Training was conducted at simulated altitudes of 0 m, 1700 m, 2450 m, and 3200 m for 8 weeks. Biomarkers such as hypoxia-induced factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), hemoglobin, erythropoietin (EPO), iron, hepcidin, and nitric oxide (NO) were measured using ELISA and standard biochemical methods. Areas of agreement: Consistent with previous literature, both aerobic and anaerobic training resulted in altitude-induced increases in hemoglobin levels. Aerobic training was associated with earlier activation of hypoxia-related markers such as HIF-1α and NO, supporting the role of moderate altitude exposure in stimulating adaptive molecular responses. Areas of controversy: While EPO is generally expected to increase with altitude exposure, this study found a decrease in EPO levels across altitudes in the aerobic group, while a significant increase was observed only at 3200 m in the anaerobic group. Interpretation of hepcidin dynamics also differs between training modalities, highlighting the complexity of iron regulation under hypoxic stress. Growing points: This study highlights the different timing and magnitude of biomarker responses to aerobic and anaerobic training at various altitudes. It suggests that aerobic exercise triggers earlier molecular responses, while anaerobic training elicits delayed or blunted adaptations. Areas timely for developing research: Further research is needed to optimize altitude training protocols tailored to specific exercise modalities and targeted physiological adaptations. Future studies could examine gender differences, longer training durations, and additional markers of oxidative stress and inflammation to expand on these findings.