Introduction: Malignant Ascites (MA) is a serious complication of gastrointestinal cancers that significantly reduces quality of life and is associated with a poor prognosis. Its pathophysiology involves several mechanisms, including increased vascular permeability, venous compression, and lymphatic vessel infiltration. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, covering the years 2017–2025. Search phrases such as “malignant ascites” and “symptomatic treatment of ascites” were used. The review included clinical and review studies focusing on patients with MA associated with gastrointestinal cancers. Studies on ascites of other etiologies and preclinical research were excluded. Results: The most commonly used symptomatic treatment methods include paracentesis, diuretic therapy, peritoneovenous shunts, indwelling catheters, and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Each method has its own advantages and limitations. Modern techniques such as HIPEC, immunotherapy, and photothermal therapy show promising results in preliminary studies. Conclusion: Malignant ascites requires an individualized therapeutic approach. It is essential to combine treatment efficacy with improvements in patients’ quality of life. Further research is needed to develop optimal strategies for symptomatic management.

Background. Physical exercise is a major physiological stressor that affects the human endocrine system. Among the hormones responsive to physical exertion is prolactin (PRL), known primarily for its role in lactation but also involved in stress regulation, immune function, metabolism, and reproduction. Aim. This article aims to review current knowledge on the effects of intense physical activity on prolactin levels and the potential consequences for hormonal balance in athletes. Material and methods. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria were English-language articles with full-text access, including original and review papers analyzing prolactin changes in response to exercise in humans. A total of 183 publications were screened, and those not meeting the methodological or thematic criteria were excluded. Results. Intense physical exercise, particularly above the anaerobic threshold (e.g., HIIT), causes a sharp and transient increase in prolactin levels, with the response magnitude influenced by exercise intensity, duration, and environmental factors. Regular training may modulate both baseline prolactin levels and acute hormonal responses. Differences based on sex, training status, and menstrual cycle phase were also observed. Prolactin’s rise post-exercise may contribute to metabolic adaptation, immune modulation, and recovery processes. However, chronically elevated PRL levels—common in overtrained individuals—can negatively affect reproductive and metabolic health. Conclusions. Prolactin plays a broader physiological role than previously appreciated. Its exercise-induced elevation reflects the integration of neuroendocrine and immune responses to physical stress. Understanding this hormonal response is essential in optimizing training protocols, supporting recovery, and preventing endocrine dysfunction in athletes.

Senescent cells play a pivotal role in the progression of age-related diseases by promoting chronic inflammation and disrupting tissue function through the secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. Senolytics, a novel class of therapeutic agents, enable the selective elimination of these cells or the attenuation of their deleterious effects, offering a potential avenue to enhance healthspan. Preclinical studies and early clinical trials indicate that senolytics can improve cardiovascular function, metabolism, and physical performance, while demonstrating an acceptable safety profile. This review presents the mechanisms of action of senolytics, the current state of research, and their potential applications in metabolic, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases.

Vascular disorders of the female reproductive tract, including uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and aneurysms or pseudoaneurysms of the uterine and pudendal arteries, represent extremely rare but potentially life-threatening conditions in gynecology. Due to their low incidence and nonspecific clinical presentation, these entities pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Although uncommon, they may result in severe hemorrhage, particularly in the postpartum period or following intrauterine procedures. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize current evidence regarding the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic imaging modalities, and treatment strategies for rare vascular abnormalities of the female reproductive system. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, including articles published between 2000 and 2025. Available data indicate that color Doppler ultrasonography is the primary diagnostic tool, while magnetic resonance imaging and angiography play a crucial role in confirmation and treatment planning. Selective endovascular embolization has emerged as the gold-standard therapy, providing high efficacy in hemorrhage control while preserving uterine integrity and reproductive potential in most patients. Despite favorable outcomes, standardized diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are lacking. Further multicenter studies and case registries are required to optimize management strategies for these rare but clinically significant conditions.

Background/Objectives: In 2020, a clinical score to predict the risk of cerebral vein thrombosis was published. The score classifies patients into risk categories: low (5 points). The low-risk result of the score combined with D-dimer level could potentially exclude cerebral vein thrombosis. The main aim of our study was to assess utility of the score in a group of patients with confirmed cerebral vein thrombosis in a real-world setting. Methods: A retrospective assessment of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cerebral vein thrombosis admitted to a department of neurology was performed. Data on patients’ demographics and medical history, including the components of the score, were collected. Based on the inclusion criteria from the original publication, the number of patients eligible and ineligible for using the score was calculated. Next, the patients were assessed with the score. Results: Thirty-seven patients with newly diagnosed cerebral vein thrombosis were included. Twenty-three (62%) were eligible according to the inclusion criteria of the original study. The sensitivity of the score alone for this group was 52% at a cutoff of three points, and in combination with D-dimer level it was 92%. Two patients were classified as low-risk according to the score and had low D-dimer level. In the remaining symptomatic patients, the score had a sensitivity of 44% without D-dimer testing, and 89% with D-dimer. D-dimer level alone had a sensitivity of 87% and 67%, respectively. Conclusions: The score in combination with D-dimer level had higher sensitivity than D-dimer testing alone. However, the score combined with D-dimer level could not exclude cerebral vein thrombosis in the low-risk patients.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is considered one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, and the number of PC-related deaths is expected to increase. Early diagnosis of PC is crucial for improving treatment outcomes. Despite improvements in overall survival (OS) in metastatic and unresectable PC due to systemic therapy, there is still a need to search for novel therapies and factors predictive of response to treatment. Cancer profiling based on genome sequencing can be used to develop targeted therapies and improve prognostics and treatment outcomes. Therefore, this review was conducted to evaluate the clinical value of molecular subtyping in pancreatic cancer as a prognostic and predictive factor in pancreatic cancer. Due to its limitations, including the lack of a registered protocol and risk of bias assessment for the included studies and those whose results were not included, this study should be considered a narrative review with a structured search strategy rather than a systematic review.