For many countries the problem of industrial and household waste disposal is particularly acute, since the annual accumulation of all types of waste is quite large (about 7 billion tons), and their reuse does not exceed 30 %. At the same time, industrial waste has a negative impact on living organisms and the environment. Therefore, ways of recycling household and production wastes are necessary. This article considers the problems of utilization, processing (recycling) of industrial and household waste and the prospects of their application in various industries. The influence of different formulations of initial components (microsilica, blast furnace slag, slaked lime), their fractions on physical and mechanical properties of the obtained new composite materials is considered. The obtained materials were investigated in order to determine the values of compressive strength and percentage of water absorption. Thus, all samples have low water absorption percentage (0 – 13.12 %), except for Sample 7 (41.34 %), consisting of 2 parts of microsilica, 1 part of slag and 1 part of lime. It was found that high values of compressive strength are observed in the samples which include microsilica. Samples 3 and 4, composed of microsilica and slag jointly, have the lowest compressive strength of 14.74 and 17.18 kgf/cm², respectively. However, Sample 8, which is composed of 2 parts of microsilica, slag and lime simultaneously, is characterized by the highest compressive strength value of 51.16 kgf/cm². Microsilica has a greater influence on the increase of strength properties. At the same time, the use of industrial waste in the creation of new secondary materials leads to a reduction in the cost of production, expansion of the raw material base of the country, as well as reducing the environmental load of the region.

The presented literature review contains the results of the analysis of scientific articles for 2000-2026 years, considering the use of blast furnace slag in various areas of road construction. It has been established that there are clear differences between the application options for different types of blast furnace slag. Air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) is more often used as a coarse or fine aggregate for cement concrete and asphalt concrete, and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is used as an additional binder or as a mineral/reactive filler. When using blast furnace slag in the production of concrete, the highest results in a number of studies were achieved when replacing 20-40% of the aggregate with slag, although this indicator was not a universal optimal value. In some articles, it was pointed out that the use of blast furnace slag as part of the base of a highway or for soil stabilization was associated with an increase in CBR. Some authors point to a reduction in the consumption of Portland cement when using complex binders containing granular blast furnace slag. Data on the improvement of water resistance, fatigue resistance, Marshall stability, and rutting resistance of asphalt concrete with the introduction of ACBFS and GGBFS in various proportions are also presented. Pretreatment of porous ACBFS was also important: selective crushing and related separation methods reduced water absorption, crushing value, and the proportion of weak porous particles. The main practical conclusion is that BFS should not be treated as a single interchangeable material. Its use should be selected according to slag type, particle quality, the component being replaced, and the required pavement property. Further studies should examine whether improvements achieved by slag pretreatment at the aggregate level are retained in concrete, asphalt mixtures, and pavement-base materials under long-term service conditions.

The present study examines the effect of a modified oval–round rolling scheme incorporating inclined oval calibers on the mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution of Mn–Si low-alloy steel (25G2S). Cylindrical billets were hot rolled through both classical and modified sequences under identical thermal and kinematic conditions. Tensile testing demonstrated that, relative to the unrolled condition (σ_0.2 ≈ 269 MPa; σᵤ ≈ 494 MPa), the classical route increased yield and ultimate strengths to ~444 MPa and ~584 MPa, respectively, whereas the modified scheme yielded comparable values (~433 MPa and ~572 MPa) while providing superior ductility (δ ≈ 26.8%, ψ ≈ 68.6%). Vickers microhardness decreased systematically from 244 HV (unrolled) to 213 HV (classical) and 184 HV (modified), with the modified scheme exhibiting the lowest scatter (±4.8 HV), confirming enhanced structural uniformity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed ferrite–pearlite refinement under both rolling sequences, with the modified scheme producing finer equiaxed ferrite grains (~3–5 µm) and attenuated longitudinal banding. These features are indicative of shear-assisted dynamic recrystallization, activated by the inclined oval calibers. The findings highlight that the modified rolling strategy achieves a favorable strength–ductility balance and improved homogeneity, suggesting its applicability for advanced thermomechanical processing of low-alloy steels.

Air-cooled blast-furnace slag (ACBFS) is a promising secondary aggregate for asphalt concrete, but its heterogeneous porosity and mechanical properties can limit performance. This study evaluates a combined approach based on selective crushing of ACBFS and modification of bitumen with microsilica. Selective crushing reduced the proportion of weak, highly porous slag particles, while microsilica was added to bitumen at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18% by mass of bitumen. Asphalt concrete mixtures were assessed by density, water saturation, compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, Marshall stability and flow, water resistance, freeze–thaw resistance, and SEM–EDS analysis. The best overall performance was obtained at 12% microsilica. At this content, compressive strength reached 5.92 MPa, indirect tensile strength 3.15 MPa, Marshall stability 20.10 kN, and the water resistance coefficient 0.81, while compressive strength loss after 50 freeze–thaw cycles decreased to 8.50%. SEM observations showed fewer large interfacial voids and a more continuous aggregate–mastic contact region in the modified mixture, while EDS indicated a more continuous Si distribution. The results show that aggregate enrichment and binder modification can complement each other in improving ACBFS-based asphalt concrete.

Air-cooled blast-furnace slag (ACBFS) is a promising secondary aggregate for asphalt concrete, but its heterogeneous porosity and mechanical properties can limit performance. This study evaluates a combined approach based on selective crushing of ACBFS and modification of bitumen with microsilica. Selective crushing reduced the proportion of weak, highly porous slag particles, while microsilica was added to bitumen at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18% by mass of bitumen. Asphalt concrete mixtures were assessed by density, water saturation, compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, Marshall stability and flow, water resistance, freeze–thaw resistance, and SEM–EDS analysis. The best overall performance was obtained at 12% microsilica. At this content, compressive strength reached 5.92 MPa, indirect tensile strength 3.15 MPa, Marshall stability 20.10 kN, and the water resistance coefficient 0.81, while compressive strength loss after 50 freeze–thaw cycles decreased to 8.50%. SEM observations showed fewer large interfacial voids and a more continuous aggregate–mastic contact region in the modified mixture, while EDS indicated a more continuous Si distribution. The results show that aggregate enrichment and binder modification can complement each other in improving ACBFS-based asphalt concrete.

Бұл мақалада қолданыстағы бинаризациялау кескіндерін талдау әдістері ұсынылған. Қазіргі ғалымдар жасаған бинаризациялау кескіндердің әртүрлі әдістерін анықтау және сипаттау бойынша деректер жүйеленген. Зерттеудің мақсаты болаттың құрылымдық маркаларының үлгілері мысалында металдар мен қорытпалардың микроқұрылымдарының кескіндерін бинаризациялаудың оңтайлы әдістерін анықтау және заманауи бинаризациялау әдістерін сынау болды. Бинаризациялаудың келесі әдістері қарастырылады: орташа әдісімен бинаризациялау, С-тәрізді қисық арқылы бинаризациялау, Оцу (Отса немесе Отсу) әдісі, мульти-Оцу әдісі, адаптивті бинаризациялау, жергілікті бинаризациялау әдісі, медиана әдісі, Niblack алгоритмі, Sauvola әдісі және Bernsen әдісі. Осы бинаризациялау әдістердің артықшылықтары мен кемшіліктері сипатталған. Ақпараттық-цифрлық металлографиялық талдауда одан әрі қолдану мақсатында құрылымдық болат үлгілерінің мысалында болаттар мен қорытпалардың микроқұрылымдарының кескіндерін өңдеу үшін бірқатар қолданыстағы бинаризациялау әдістемелерін қолданып сынақтан өткізілген. Бинаризациялаудың әртүрлі әдістерін қолдана отырып, алынған кескіндердің сапасы бойынша зерттеу нәтижелері ұсынылған. Болаттар мен қорытпаларды ақпараттық-цифрлық талдауда одан әрі қолдану мақсатында болаттардың микроқұрылымдарының кескіндерін бинаризациялаудың ең қолайлы оңтайлы әдістері анықталды. Зерттеулер металдар мен қорытпаларды металлографиялық талдау әдістерін одан әрі цифрландыру үшін перспективалы болып табылады. Кілтті сөздер: бинаризациялау, кескін, болат, құрылым, ақпараттық-цифрлық талдау.