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Yang-Kwang Fan
Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan

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Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Toxins
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Little is known about the degradability of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) by the spent mushroom substrate (SMS)-derived manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) and its potential. The present study investigated the growth inhibition of Fusarium graminearum KR1 and the degradation of DON by MnP and LiP extracted from SMS. The results from the 7-day treatment period showed that mycelium inhibition of F. graminearum KR1 by MnP and LiP were 23.7% and 74.7%, respectively. Deoxynivalenol production in the mycelium of F. graminearum KR1 was undetectable after treatment with 50 U/mL of MnP or LiP for 7 days. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) content and chitinase activity both increased in the hyphae of F. graminearum KR1 after treatment with MnP and LiP for 1, 3, and 6 h, respectively. At 12 h, only the LiP-treated group had higher chitinase activity and GlcNAc content than those of the control group (p < 0.05). However, more than 60% of DON degradabilities (0.5 mg/kg, 1 h) were observed under various pH values (2.5, 4.5, and 6.5) in both MnP (50 U/g) and LiP (50 U/g) groups, while DON degradability at 1 mg/kg was 85.5% after 50 U/g of LiP treatment for 7 h in simulated pig gastrointestinal tracts. Similarly, DON degradability at 5 mg/kg was 67.1% after LiP treatment for 4.5 h in simulated poultry gastrointestinal tracts. The present study demonstrated that SMS-extracted peroxidases, particularly LiP, could effectively degrade DON and inhibit the mycelium growth of F. graminearum KR1.

ACS Style

Ko-Hua Tso; Chompunut Lumsangkul; Jyh-Cherng Ju; Yang-Kwang Fan; Hsin-I Chiang. The Potential of Peroxidases Extracted from the Spent Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Substrate Significantly Degrade Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol. Toxins 2021, 13, 72 .

AMA Style

Ko-Hua Tso, Chompunut Lumsangkul, Jyh-Cherng Ju, Yang-Kwang Fan, Hsin-I Chiang. The Potential of Peroxidases Extracted from the Spent Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Substrate Significantly Degrade Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol. Toxins. 2021; 13 (1):72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ko-Hua Tso; Chompunut Lumsangkul; Jyh-Cherng Ju; Yang-Kwang Fan; Hsin-I Chiang. 2021. "The Potential of Peroxidases Extracted from the Spent Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Substrate Significantly Degrade Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol." Toxins 13, no. 1: 72.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2019 in Toxins
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Mycotoxin removers include enzymes and adsorbents that may be used in animal feeds to eliminate the toxic effects of mycotoxins. This study aimed to determine the removability of two different types of mycotoxin removers, adsorbents and enzyme degradation reagents (EDRs), in the simulated gastrointestinal conditions of pigs and poultry. Seven commercial mycotoxin removers, including five EDRs and two adsorbents, were tested in vitro. In this study, the supplemented dosages of mycotoxin removers used in pig and poultry feeds were the commercial recommendation ranging from 0.05% to 0.2%. For pigs, the in vitro gastric and small intestinal simulations were performed by immersing the mycotoxin-tainted feed in artificial gastric juice (AGJ) at pH 2.5 for 5 h or in artificial intestinal juice (AIJ) at pH 6.5 for 2 h to mimick in vivo conditions. For poultry, mycotoxin-tainted feeds were immersed in AGJ for 2 h at pH 4.5 and 0.5 h at pH of 2.5, respectively, to simulate crop/glandular stomach and gizzard conditions; the small intestinal simulation was in AIJ for 2 h at pH 6.5. For the pig, EDRs and adsorbents had deoxynivalenol (DON) removability (1 mg/kg) of 56% to 100% and 15% to 19%, respectively. Under the concentration of 0.5 mg/kg, the zearalenone (ZEN) removability by EDRs and adsorbents was 65% to 100% and 0% to 36%, respectively. For the simulation in poultry, the removability of DON by EDRs and adsorbents (5 mg/kg) was 56% to 79% and 1% to 36%, respectively; for the concentration of 0.5 mg/kg, the removability of ZEN by EDRs and adsorbents was 38% to 69% and 7% to 9%, respectively. These results suggest that EDRs are more effective in reducing DON and ZEN contamination compared to the adsorbent methods in the simulated gastrointestinal tracts of pig and poultry. The recoveries of DON and ZEN of pig in vitro gastrointestinal simulations were higher than 86.4% and 84.7%, respectively, with 88.8% and 85.9%, respectively, in poultry. These results demonstrated the stability and accuracy of our mycotoxin extraction process and in vitro simulation efficiency.

ACS Style

Ko-Hua Tso; Jyh-Cherng Ju; Yang-Kwang Fan; Hsin-I Chiang; Tso; Ju; Fan. Enzyme Degradation Reagents Effectively Remove Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone from Pig and Poultry Artificial Digestive Juices. Toxins 2019, 11, 599 .

AMA Style

Ko-Hua Tso, Jyh-Cherng Ju, Yang-Kwang Fan, Hsin-I Chiang, Tso, Ju, Fan. Enzyme Degradation Reagents Effectively Remove Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone from Pig and Poultry Artificial Digestive Juices. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):599.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ko-Hua Tso; Jyh-Cherng Ju; Yang-Kwang Fan; Hsin-I Chiang; Tso; Ju; Fan. 2019. "Enzyme Degradation Reagents Effectively Remove Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone from Pig and Poultry Artificial Digestive Juices." Toxins 11, no. 10: 599.

Review
Published: 13 February 2019 in Toxins
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A teratogenic agent or teratogen can disturb the development of an embryo or a fetus. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, is among the most commonly seen mycotoxins and contaminants from stale maize and other farm products. It may cause physical or functional defects in embryos or fetuses, if the pregnant animal is exposed to mycotoxin FB1. Due to its high similarity in chemical structure with lipid sphinganine (Sa) and sphingosine (So), the primary component of sphingolipids, FB1 plays a role in competitively inhibiting Sa and So, which are key enzymes in de novo ceramide synthase in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, it causes growth retardation and developmental abnormalities to the embryos of hamsters, rats, mice, and chickens. Moreover, maternal FB1 toxicity can be passed onto the embryo or fetus, leading to mortality. FB1 also disrupts folate metabolism via the high-affinity folate transporter that can then result in folate insufficiency. The deficiencies are closely linked to incidences of neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice or humans. The purpose of this review is to understand the toxicity and mechanisms of mycotoxin FB1 on the development of embryos or fetuses.

ACS Style

Chompunut Lumsangkul; Hsin-I Chiang; Neng-Wen Lo; Yang-Kwang Fan; Jyh-Cherng Ju. Developmental Toxicity of Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 in Animal Embryogenesis: An Overview. Toxins 2019, 11, 114 .

AMA Style

Chompunut Lumsangkul, Hsin-I Chiang, Neng-Wen Lo, Yang-Kwang Fan, Jyh-Cherng Ju. Developmental Toxicity of Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 in Animal Embryogenesis: An Overview. Toxins. 2019; 11 (2):114.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chompunut Lumsangkul; Hsin-I Chiang; Neng-Wen Lo; Yang-Kwang Fan; Jyh-Cherng Ju. 2019. "Developmental Toxicity of Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 in Animal Embryogenesis: An Overview." Toxins 11, no. 2: 114.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2016 in Animal Reproduction Science
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ACS Style

Min-Chien Cheng; Hsin-I. Chiang; Jiunn-Wang Liao; Che-Ming Hung; Ming-Yang Tsai; Yu-Hsin Chen; Jyh-Cherng Ju; Mei-Ping Cheng; Ko-Hua Tso; Yang-Kwang Fan. Nonylphenol reduces sperm viability and fertility of mature male breeders in Brown Tsaiya ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos ). Animal Reproduction Science 2016, 174, 114 -122.

AMA Style

Min-Chien Cheng, Hsin-I. Chiang, Jiunn-Wang Liao, Che-Ming Hung, Ming-Yang Tsai, Yu-Hsin Chen, Jyh-Cherng Ju, Mei-Ping Cheng, Ko-Hua Tso, Yang-Kwang Fan. Nonylphenol reduces sperm viability and fertility of mature male breeders in Brown Tsaiya ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos ). Animal Reproduction Science. 2016; 174 ():114-122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Min-Chien Cheng; Hsin-I. Chiang; Jiunn-Wang Liao; Che-Ming Hung; Ming-Yang Tsai; Yu-Hsin Chen; Jyh-Cherng Ju; Mei-Ping Cheng; Ko-Hua Tso; Yang-Kwang Fan. 2016. "Nonylphenol reduces sperm viability and fertility of mature male breeders in Brown Tsaiya ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos )." Animal Reproduction Science 174, no. : 114-122.