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Paddy Likhayo
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO), Food Crops Research Institute-Kabete

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Research paper
Published: 26 March 2021 in Bulletin of Entomological Research
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The performance of six grain storage technologies for the control of insect pests in maize was evaluated over a 36-week (9-month) storage period. The six technologies used were: two ZeroFly® hermetic bag brands (laminated and non-laminated); Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bag; non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag; woven polypropylene (PP) bag containing maize grain treated with Actellic Gold® Dust (pirimiphos-methyl 1.6% + thiamethoxam 0.3%) and woven PP bag containing untreated grain. Each bag was filled with 50 kg maize grain and four replicates of each were set up. With the exception of the non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag, 50 live adults of the larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus and of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais, were introduced into all the bags. Insects were not introduced into the non-hermetic ZeroFly® bag to assess its effectiveness in repelling infestation from outside. Parameters recorded were gas composition (oxygen and carbon dioxide) levels inside the bags; weight of flour generated by insect feeding activities; grain moisture level; live adult insect counts; grain damage and weight loss; grain germination rate and aflatoxin level. At termination, the plastic liners of the hermetic bags were examined for perforations. Results show that oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide evolution were faster in ZeroFly® hermetic compared to PICS bags. Throughout the 36-week storage trial, grain damage remained below 4% and weight loss below 3% in all the treatments except in the untreated PP bags in which it increased to 81.1 and 25.5%, respectively. The hermetic PICS, ZeroFly® and Actellic Gold dust-treated PP bags maintained grain germination at 60%, which was lower than the initial 90%, while in untreated control, it reduced to 4.7%. The mean aflatoxin levels fluctuated between 0.39 and 3.56 parts per billion (ppb) during 24 weeks of storage in all the technologies tested, which is below the acceptable maximum level of 10 ppb in maize. Based on the evaluation results, it can be concluded that hermetic PICS and ZeroFly® bags and woven PP bag with Actellic Gold dust-treated grain effectively protected stored maize grain from insect attack and weight losses. Appropriate strategies and mechanisms for the effective and efficient adoption of hermetic storage bag technology at scale would contribute towards global food security.

ACS Style

Kimondo Mutambuki; Paddy Likhayo. Efficacy of different hermetic bag storage technologies against insect pests and aflatoxin incidence in stored maize grain. Bulletin of Entomological Research 2021, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Kimondo Mutambuki, Paddy Likhayo. Efficacy of different hermetic bag storage technologies against insect pests and aflatoxin incidence in stored maize grain. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 2021; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kimondo Mutambuki; Paddy Likhayo. 2021. "Efficacy of different hermetic bag storage technologies against insect pests and aflatoxin incidence in stored maize grain." Bulletin of Entomological Research , no. : 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2019 in Insects
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Hermetic technologies are being promoted in Africa as safer and more effective methods of grain storage on smallholder farms. However, farmers and policy makers lack knowledge of their efficacy in controlling major stored grain pests. An on-station study was conducted to evaluate the triple layer Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) airtight bags against two major storage insect pests. Two sets each of PICS, jute and polypropylene bags were filled with 50 kg maize grain per bag. Each set was replicated four times. One set of PICS bags was each infested with 50 insects each of the larger grain borer P. truncatus and the maize weevil S. zeamais; while the other set was not. One set of jute and polypropylene woven bags was treated with a cocktail of 1.6% Pirimiphos methyl and 0.3% Permethrin, serving as positive controls; while the remaining sets with untreated maize grain formed negative controls. Gas analysis in the PICS bags followed the expected trend with oxygen levels falling sharply below 10% and carbon dioxide increasing to almost 10% after 12 weeks hence resulting in insect death. After 16 weeks, increase in oxygen levels may be attributed to perforation of the bags from outside by the P. truncatus. Results showed that PICS bags were significantly (P < 0.05) superior to treated and untreated controls of polypropylene and jute bags in suppressing insect development, maize grain damage and weight loss during storage. Weight loss in polypropylene and jute bags reached 40% and 41%, respectively, at 24 weeks after storage compared to PICS (2.4–2.9%). These results demonstrate that PICS bags can be used to store maize against P. truncatus and S. zeamais attack.

ACS Style

Kimondo Mutambuki; Hippolyte Affognon; Paddy Likhayo; Dieudonne Baributsa. Evaluation of Purdue Improved Crop Storage Triple Layer Hermetic Storage Bag against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects 2019, 10, 204 .

AMA Style

Kimondo Mutambuki, Hippolyte Affognon, Paddy Likhayo, Dieudonne Baributsa. Evaluation of Purdue Improved Crop Storage Triple Layer Hermetic Storage Bag against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects. 2019; 10 (7):204.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kimondo Mutambuki; Hippolyte Affognon; Paddy Likhayo; Dieudonne Baributsa. 2019. "Evaluation of Purdue Improved Crop Storage Triple Layer Hermetic Storage Bag against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Insects 10, no. 7: 204.

Research article
Published: 04 November 2018 in Journal of Food Quality
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Maize (Zea mays) is an important staple food crop produced by the majority of smallholder farmers that provides household food security through direct consumption and income generation. However, postharvest grain losses caused by insect pests during storage pose a major constraint to household food security. Hermetic storage technology is an alternative method that minimises postharvest losses by depleting oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide levels within the storage container through metabolic respiration of the grains, insects, and microorganism. Maize grain was stored for 180 days in hermetic bags or open-weave polypropylene bags to compare quality preservation when subject to initial grain moisture contents of 12, 14, 16, and 18 percent and infestation by Sitophilus zeamais. The moisture content of grain in hermetic bags remained unchanged while in polypropylene bags decreased. Dry grains (12% moisture content) stored well in hermetic bags and suffered 1.2% weight loss while for equivalent grains in polypropylene bags the weight loss was 35.8%. Moist grains (18% moisture content) recorded the lowest insect density (7 adults/kg grain) in hermetic bags while polypropylene bags had the highest (1273 adults/kg grain). Hermetic and polypropylene bags recorded the lowest (0–4 adults/kg grain) and highest (16–41 adults/kg grain) Prostephanus truncatus population, respectively. Discoloured grains were 4, 6, and 12 times more in grains at 14, 16, and 18 than 12 percent moisture content in hermetic bags. Grains at 18% moisture content recorded significantly lower oxygen (10.2%) and higher carbon dioxide (18.9%) levels. Holes made by P. truncatus in the hermetic bags were observed. In conclusion, storage of moist grains (14–18% moisture content) in hermetic bags may pose health risk due to grain discolouration caused by fungal growth that produces mycotoxins if the grains enter the food chain. The study was on only one site which was hot and dry and further investigation under cool, hot, and humid conditions is required.

ACS Style

Paddy Likhayo; Anani Y. Bruce; Tadele Tefera; Jones Mueke. Maize Grain Stored in Hermetic Bags: Effect of Moisture and Pest Infestation on Grain Quality. Journal of Food Quality 2018, 2018, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Paddy Likhayo, Anani Y. Bruce, Tadele Tefera, Jones Mueke. Maize Grain Stored in Hermetic Bags: Effect of Moisture and Pest Infestation on Grain Quality. Journal of Food Quality. 2018; 2018 ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paddy Likhayo; Anani Y. Bruce; Tadele Tefera; Jones Mueke. 2018. "Maize Grain Stored in Hermetic Bags: Effect of Moisture and Pest Infestation on Grain Quality." Journal of Food Quality 2018, no. : 1-9.

Short communication
Published: 13 June 2018 in Journal of Applied Entomology
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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a major pest of maize in North and South America. It was first reported from Africa in 2016 and currently established as a major invasive pest of maize. A survey was conducted to explore for natural enemies of the fall armyworm in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania in 2017. Smallholder maize farms were randomly selected and surveyed in the three countries. Five different species of parasitoids were recovered from fall armyworm eggs and larvae, including four within the Hymenoptera and one Dipteran. These species are new associations with FAW and were never reported before from Africa, North and South America. In Ethiopia, Cotesia icipe was the dominant larval parasitoid with parasitism ranging from 33.8% to 45.3%, while in Kenya, the tachinid fly, Palexorista zonata, was the primary parasitoid with 12.5% parasitism. Charops ater and Coccygidium luteum were the most common parasitoids in Kenya and Tanzania with parasitism ranging from 6 to 12%, and 4 to 8.3%, respectively. Although fall armyworm has rapidly spread throughout these three countries, we were encouraged to see a reasonable level of biological control in place. This study is of paramount importance in designing a biological control program for fall armyworm, either through conservation of native natural enemies or augmentative release.

ACS Style

Birhanu Sisay; Josephine Simiyu; Peter Malusi; Paddy Likhayo; Esayas Mendesil; Nsami Elibariki; Mulatu Wakgari; Gashawbeza Ayalew; Tadele Tefera. First report of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), natural enemies from Africa. Journal of Applied Entomology 2018, 142, 800 -804.

AMA Style

Birhanu Sisay, Josephine Simiyu, Peter Malusi, Paddy Likhayo, Esayas Mendesil, Nsami Elibariki, Mulatu Wakgari, Gashawbeza Ayalew, Tadele Tefera. First report of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), natural enemies from Africa. Journal of Applied Entomology. 2018; 142 (8):800-804.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Birhanu Sisay; Josephine Simiyu; Peter Malusi; Paddy Likhayo; Esayas Mendesil; Nsami Elibariki; Mulatu Wakgari; Gashawbeza Ayalew; Tadele Tefera. 2018. "First report of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), natural enemies from Africa." Journal of Applied Entomology 142, no. 8: 800-804.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2016 in Journal of Economic Entomology
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On-farm trial with a total of 32 farmers in eight villages of Naivasha and Nakuru areas of Kenya was conducted between December 2013 and September 2014 to evaluate hermetic grain storage technologies under farmers’ management conditions. The storage technologies evaluated were metal silo and SuperGrain IV-R bag alongside the standard woven polypropylene bag with or without Actellic super dust. Moisture content, insect population, grain discoloration, and weight loss were analyzed 90, 180, and 270 d after storage. Grain moisture content remained stable over the storage period. Both metal silo and SuperGrain IV-R bag suppressed insect population, prevented grain loss and cross-infestation of insects from the surrounding environment. On the contrary, polypropylene bags allowed rapid build up of insect population and re-infestation from the surrounding environment. Grain weight losses were 1.5% in the metal silo and 1.8% in the SuperGrain IV-R bags compared to 32% in the polypropylene bags without Actellic Super dust, 270 d after storage. The present study, therefore, demonstrates that storing grains either in metal silo or SuperGrain IV-R bags would benefit farmers in reducing grain losses and improving quality. The study was of great interest to the farmers, grain storage scientists, and food security experts.

ACS Style

Paddy Likhayo; Anani Y. Bruce; Kimondo Mutambuki; Tadele Tefera; Jones Mueke. On-Farm Evaluation of Hermetic Technology Against Maize Storage Pests in Kenya. Journal of Economic Entomology 2016, 109, 1943 -1950.

AMA Style

Paddy Likhayo, Anani Y. Bruce, Kimondo Mutambuki, Tadele Tefera, Jones Mueke. On-Farm Evaluation of Hermetic Technology Against Maize Storage Pests in Kenya. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2016; 109 (4):1943-1950.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paddy Likhayo; Anani Y. Bruce; Kimondo Mutambuki; Tadele Tefera; Jones Mueke. 2016. "On-Farm Evaluation of Hermetic Technology Against Maize Storage Pests in Kenya." Journal of Economic Entomology 109, no. 4: 1943-1950.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2013 in Journal of Stored Products Research
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ACS Style

Hugo De Groote; Simon C. Kimenju; Paddy Likhayo; Fred Kanampiu; Tadele Tefera; Jon Hellin. Effectiveness of hermetic systems in controlling maize storage pests in Kenya. Journal of Stored Products Research 2013, 53, 27 -36.

AMA Style

Hugo De Groote, Simon C. Kimenju, Paddy Likhayo, Fred Kanampiu, Tadele Tefera, Jon Hellin. Effectiveness of hermetic systems in controlling maize storage pests in Kenya. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2013; 53 ():27-36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hugo De Groote; Simon C. Kimenju; Paddy Likhayo; Fred Kanampiu; Tadele Tefera; Jon Hellin. 2013. "Effectiveness of hermetic systems in controlling maize storage pests in Kenya." Journal of Stored Products Research 53, no. : 27-36.