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Chelidonium majus L. is a perennial herbaceous plant that has various medicinal properties. However, the genomic information about its carotenoid biosynthesis pathway (CBP), xanthophyll biosynthesis pathway (XBP), and apocarotenoid biosynthesis pathway (ABP) genes were limited. Thus, the CBP, XBP, and ABP genes of C. majus were identified and analyzed. Among the 15 carotenoid pathway genes identified, 11 full and 4 partial open reading frames were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of these gene sequences showed higher similarity with higher plants. Through 3D structural analysis and multiple alignments, several distinct conserved motifs were identified, including dinucleotide binding motif, carotene binding motif, and aspartate or glutamate residues. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that CBP, XBP, and ABP genes were expressed in a tissue-specific manner; the highest expression levels were achieved in flowers, followed by those in leaves, roots, and stems. The HPLC analysis of the different organs showed the presence of eight different carotenoids. The highest total carotenoid content was found in leaves, followed by that in flowers, stems, and roots. This study provides information on the molecular mechanisms involved in CBP, XBP, and ABP genes, which might help optimize the carotenoid production in C. majus. The results could also be a basis of further studies on the molecular genetics and functional analysis of CBP, XBP, and ABP genes.
Ramaraj Sathasivam; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Chang Ha Park; Minsol Choi; Haejin Kwon; Ji Eun Sim; Sang Un Park; Jae Kwang Kim. Molecular Characterization, Expression Analysis of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Pathway Genes, and Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in Chelidonium majus L. Plants 2021, 10, 1753 .
AMA StyleRamaraj Sathasivam, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Chang Ha Park, Minsol Choi, Haejin Kwon, Ji Eun Sim, Sang Un Park, Jae Kwang Kim. Molecular Characterization, Expression Analysis of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Pathway Genes, and Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in Chelidonium majus L. Plants. 2021; 10 (8):1753.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamaraj Sathasivam; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Chang Ha Park; Minsol Choi; Haejin Kwon; Ji Eun Sim; Sang Un Park; Jae Kwang Kim. 2021. "Molecular Characterization, Expression Analysis of Carotenoid, Xanthophyll, Apocarotenoid Pathway Genes, and Carotenoid and Xanthophyll Accumulation in Chelidonium majus L." Plants 10, no. 8: 1753.
Vegetative and reproductive characteristics, fruit yield, and biochemical compounds of six bitter melon cultivars (Iranshahr, Mestisa, No. 486, Local Japanese, Isfahan, and Ilocano) were evaluated under Karaj conditions in Iran. The phytochemical properties of the cultivars were evaluated using both shade-dried and freeze-dried samples at three fruit developmental stages (unripe, semi-ripe, and ripe). There were significant differences in the vegetative and reproductive characteristics among cultivars, where cv. No. 486 was superior to most vegetative attributes. The fruit yield of cultivars varied from 2.98–5.22 kg/plant. The number of days to male and female flower appearance ranged from 19.00–25.33 and from 25–33 days, respectively. The leaf charantin content was in the range of 4.83–11.08 μg/g. Fruit charantin content varied with developmental stage, drying method, and cultivar. The highest charantin content (13.84 ± 3.55 µg/g) was observed at the semi-ripe fruit stage, and it was much higher in the freeze-dried samples than the shade-dried samples. Cultivar No. 486 had the highest (15.43 ± 2.4 µg/g) charantin content, whereas the lowest charantin content (8.51 ± 1.15 µg/g) was recorded in cultivar cv. Local Japanese. The highest total phenol content (25.17 ± 2.27 mg GAE/g) was recorded in freeze-dried samples of ripe fruits of cv. No. 486, whereas the lowest phenol content was detected in the shade-dried samples of semi-ripe fruits of Isfahan. cv. Flavonoid content was higher with the shade-drying method, irrespective of cultivar. In conclusion, considering the fruit yield and active biological compounds in the studied cultivars, cv. No. 486 should be grown commercially because of its higher yield and production of other secondary metabolites.
Akram Valyaie; Majid Azizi; Abdolkarim Kashi; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Sang Park; Akifumi Sugiyama; Takashi Motobayashi; Yoshiharu Fujii. Evaluation of Growth, Yield, and Biochemical Attributes of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Cultivars under Karaj Conditions in Iran. Plants 2021, 10, 1370 .
AMA StyleAkram Valyaie, Majid Azizi, Abdolkarim Kashi, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Sang Park, Akifumi Sugiyama, Takashi Motobayashi, Yoshiharu Fujii. Evaluation of Growth, Yield, and Biochemical Attributes of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Cultivars under Karaj Conditions in Iran. Plants. 2021; 10 (7):1370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkram Valyaie; Majid Azizi; Abdolkarim Kashi; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Sang Park; Akifumi Sugiyama; Takashi Motobayashi; Yoshiharu Fujii. 2021. "Evaluation of Growth, Yield, and Biochemical Attributes of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Cultivars under Karaj Conditions in Iran." Plants 10, no. 7: 1370.
Althaea officinalis has been widely used in various pharmaceutical applications. The biological effects and significance of phenylpropanoids in numerous industries are well studied. However, fulfilling consumer demand for these commercially important compounds is difficult. The effect of heavy-metal toxic influence on plants is primarily due to a strong and rapid suppression of growth processes, as well as the decline in activity of the photosynthetic apparatus, also associated with progressing senescence processes. Some of the secondary metabolite production was triggered by the application of heavy metals, but there was not a stress response. In the adventitious root culture of A. officinalis, copper-mediated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis has been investigated in both concentration-and duration-dependent manners. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed a total of nine different phenolic compounds in response to different concentrations of copper chloride. In this study, high productivity of phenolic compounds was observed in the copper chloride treated-adventitious root culture of A. officianalis. In particular, a low concentration of copper chloride led to a significant accumulation of phenolic compounds under optimal conditions. Moreover, all genes responsible for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis may be sensitive to phenolic compound production following copper treatment. Especially, the highest change in transcript level was observed from AoANS at 6 h. According to our findings, treatment with copper chloride (0.5 mM) for 48 or 96 h can be an appropriate method to maximize phenylpropanoid levels in A. officinalis adventitious root culture.
Yun Ji Park; Nam Su Kim; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Yong Suk Chung; Sang Un Park. Impact of copper treatment on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in adventitious root culture of Althaea officinalis L. Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 2021, 1 -9.
AMA StyleYun Ji Park, Nam Su Kim, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Yong Suk Chung, Sang Un Park. Impact of copper treatment on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in adventitious root culture of Althaea officinalis L. Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology. 2021; ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun Ji Park; Nam Su Kim; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Yong Suk Chung; Sang Un Park. 2021. "Impact of copper treatment on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in adventitious root culture of Althaea officinalis L." Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology , no. : 1-9.
Platycodon grandiflorum is a perennial plant that has been used for medicinal purposes. Specifically, it is widely used in Northern China and Korea for the treatment of various diseases. Terpenoids belong to a group called secondary metabolites and have attracted a wide range of interest. Here, we determined the expressed sequence tag (EST) library of the methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-treated hairy root of P. grandiflorum. In total, 5760 ESTs were obtained, but after deleting the vector sequences and removing poor-quality sequences, a total of 2536 ESTs were attained. Of these, 811 contigs and 1725 singletons were annotated. The data were further analyzed with a focus on the gene families of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway (TBP). We identified and characterized four TBP genes; among these were three full-length cDNAs encoding PgHMGS, PgMK, and PgMVD, whereas PgHMGR had a partial sequence based on the EST library database. Phylogenetic analysis and a pairwise identity matrix showed that these identified genes were closely related to those of other higher plants. Moreover, the tertiary structure and multiple alignment analysis showed that several distinct conserved motifs were present. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results revealed that TBP genes were constitutively expressed in all organs of P. grandiflorum, while the expression of transcript levels of these genes varied distinctly among the organs. Additionally, the total amount of platycosides was highly detected in the root, accumulating in concentrations 7.8 and 2.6 times higher than in the hairy root and stem, respectively, and 1.4 times higher than in the leaf and flower. The highest amount of total phytosterols was found to accumulate in the leaves at 9.3, 9.1, 1.8, and 1.6 times higher than that of the stem, root, hairy root, and flower, respectively. After the hairy root was exposed to the MeJA treatment, the transcript levels of PgHMGS, PgHMGR, PgMK, and PgMVD had significantly increased. The highest level of transcript accumulation occurred at 3 h after initial exposure for most of the genes. Meanwhile, triterpene saponin accumulation increased with the increase in the time of exposure, and at 48 h after initial exposure, the total saponin content was the highest recorded.
Yong-Kyoung Kim; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Yeon Bok Kim; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Transcriptomic Analysis, Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Triterpene Biosynthetic Genes and Triterpene Accumulation in the Hairy Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum Exposed to Methyl Jasmonate. ACS Omega 2021, 6, 12820 -12830.
AMA StyleYong-Kyoung Kim, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Yeon Bok Kim, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Transcriptomic Analysis, Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Triterpene Biosynthetic Genes and Triterpene Accumulation in the Hairy Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum Exposed to Methyl Jasmonate. ACS Omega. 2021; 6 (19):12820-12830.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYong-Kyoung Kim; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Yeon Bok Kim; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2021. "Transcriptomic Analysis, Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Triterpene Biosynthetic Genes and Triterpene Accumulation in the Hairy Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum Exposed to Methyl Jasmonate." ACS Omega 6, no. 19: 12820-12830.
The black rice (Oryza sativa cv. Heugjinju) is rich in anthocyanins which is beneficial to human health. To correlate the biosynthesis of the pigments with relevant genes, the mRNA level of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis was monitored by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) during seed development of black rice. The mRNA level of F3’H, DFR, and ANS, key enzymes in anthocyanidin biosynthesis, peaked at 10 days after flowering. In general, the absolute level of ANS was approximately one order higher than F3’H, F3’5’H, and DFR in 10 days after flowering. The transcript level of major seed protein gene GluA-3, taken as reference, was also at the highest on the 10 days after flowering. However, the level of CHS isogenes was highest at 15 or 20 days after flowering. The highest transcript level of the genes, except CHS, preceded the highest anthocyanidin content by 5 days. This pattern coincided with an increase of anthocyanin content between 10 and 15 days after flowering. From these findings, it is suggested that particular CHS isoforms might be responsible for the anthocyanin production in black rice.
Yeon Bok Kim; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Soo-Un Kim; Sang Un Park. Differential expression profiles of anthocyanidin biosynthesis gene during black rice seed development. Journal of Phytology 2021, 36 -40.
AMA StyleYeon Bok Kim, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Soo-Un Kim, Sang Un Park. Differential expression profiles of anthocyanidin biosynthesis gene during black rice seed development. Journal of Phytology. 2021; ():36-40.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeon Bok Kim; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Soo-Un Kim; Sang Un Park. 2021. "Differential expression profiles of anthocyanidin biosynthesis gene during black rice seed development." Journal of Phytology , no. : 36-40.
This study aimed to elucidate the variations in primary and secondary metabolites during Lycoris radiata flower development using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The result showed that seven carotenoids, seven phenolic acids, three anthocyanins, and galantamine were identified in the L. radiata flowers. Most secondary metabolite levels gradually decreased according to the flower developmental stages. A total of 51 metabolites, including amines, sugars, sugar intermediates, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, were identified and quantified using GC-TOFMS. Among the hydrophilic compounds, most amino acids increased during flower development; in contrast, TCA cycle intermediates and sugars decreased. In particular, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, which represent the main inter- and intracellular nitrogen carriers, were positively correlated with the other amino acids and were negatively correlated with the TCA cycle intermediates. Furthermore, quantitation data of the 51 hydrophilic compounds were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) to assess significant differences in the metabolites of L. radiata flowers from stages 1 to 4. Therefore, this study will serve as the foundation for a biochemical approach to understand both primary and secondary metabolism in L. radiata flower development.
Chang Park; Hyeon Yeo; Ye Kim; Bao Nguyen; Ye Park; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jae Kim; Sang Park. Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycorisradiata. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 248 .
AMA StyleChang Park, Hyeon Yeo, Ye Kim, Bao Nguyen, Ye Park, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Jae Kim, Sang Park. Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycorisradiata. Biomolecules. 2021; 11 (2):248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang Park; Hyeon Yeo; Ye Kim; Bao Nguyen; Ye Park; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jae Kim; Sang Park. 2021. "Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycorisradiata." Biomolecules 11, no. 2: 248.
This study aimed to comprehensively analyze primary and secondary metabolites of three different-colored (white, pale green, and green) pak choi cultivars (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) using gas chromatography attached with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In total, 53 primary metabolites were identified and subjected to partial least-squares discriminant analysis. The result revealed a significant difference in the primary and secondary metabolites between the three pak choi cultivars. In addition, 49 hydrophilic metabolites were detected in different cultivars. Total phenolic and glucosinolate contents were highest in the pale green and green cultivars, respectively, whereas total carotenoid and chlorophyll contents were highest in the white cultivar. Superoxide dismutase activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydraz scavenging, and reducing power were slightly increased in the white, pale green, and green cultivars, respectively. In addition, a negative correlation between pigments and phenylpropanoids was discovered by metabolite correlation analysis. This approach will provide useful information for the development of strategies to enhance the biosynthesis of phenolics, glucosinolates, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, and to improve antioxidant activity in pak choi cultivars. In addition, this study supports the use of HPLC and GC-TOFMS-based metabolite profiling to explore differences in pak choi cultivars.
Hyeon Ji Yeo; Seung-A Baek; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Metabolomic analysis reveals the interaction of primary and secondary metabolism in white, pale green, and green pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). Applied Biological Chemistry 2021, 64, 1 -16.
AMA StyleHyeon Ji Yeo, Seung-A Baek, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Metabolomic analysis reveals the interaction of primary and secondary metabolism in white, pale green, and green pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). Applied Biological Chemistry. 2021; 64 (1):1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyeon Ji Yeo; Seung-A Baek; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2021. "Metabolomic analysis reveals the interaction of primary and secondary metabolism in white, pale green, and green pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis)." Applied Biological Chemistry 64, no. 1: 1-16.
Global climate change and the industrial revolution have increased the concentration of tropospheric ozone, a photochemical air pollutant that can negatively affect plant growth and crop production. In the present study, we investigated the effects of O3 on the metabolites and transcripts of tartary buckwheat. A total of 36 metabolites were identified by gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and principal component analysis was performed to verify the metabolic differences between nontreated and O3-treated tartary buckwheat. The content of threonic acid increased after 2 days of the O3 treatment, whereas it decreased after 4 days of exposure, after which it gradually increased until the eighth day of exposure. In addition, the levels of most metabolites decreased significantly after the O3 treatment. On the contrary, the levels of two anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, increased more than 11.36- and 11.43-fold, respectively, after the O3 treatment. To assess the effect of O3 on the genomic level, we analyzed the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes in O3-treated and nontreated buckwheat using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that the expression of all anthocyanin pathway genes increased significantly in the O3-treated buckwheat compared to that in the nontreated buckwheat. Altogether, our results suggested that O3 affected the transcripts and metabolites of tartary buckwheat, which would eventually cause phenotypic changes in plants.
Jin Jeon; Seung-A Baek; Nam Su Kim; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jong Seok Park; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Elevated Ozone Levels Affect Metabolites and Related Biosynthetic Genes in Tartary Buckwheat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2020, 68, 14758 -14767.
AMA StyleJin Jeon, Seung-A Baek, Nam Su Kim, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Jong Seok Park, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Elevated Ozone Levels Affect Metabolites and Related Biosynthetic Genes in Tartary Buckwheat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2020; 68 (50):14758-14767.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin Jeon; Seung-A Baek; Nam Su Kim; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jong Seok Park; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2020. "Elevated Ozone Levels Affect Metabolites and Related Biosynthetic Genes in Tartary Buckwheat." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68, no. 50: 14758-14767.
Plants are continuously exposed to abiotic and biotic factors that lead to wounding stress. Different plants exhibit diverse defense mechanisms through which various important metabolites are synthesized. Humans can exploit these mechanisms to improve the efficacy of existing drugs and to develop new ones. Most previous studies have focused on the effects of wounding stress on the different plant parts, such as leaves, stems, and roots. To date, however, no study has investigated the accumulation of primary and galantamine content following the exposure of a callus to wounding stress. Therefore, in the present study, we exposed Lycoris radiata calli to wounding stress and assessed the expression levels of several genes involved in metabolic pathways at various time points (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure). Furthermore, we quantify the primary and galantamine content using gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the high-performance liquid chromatography qRT-PCR analysis of eight galantamine pathway genes (LrPAL-2, LrPAL-3, LrC4H-2, LrC3H, LrTYDC2, LrN4OMT, LrNNR, and LrCYP96T) revealed that seven genes, except LrN4OMT, were significantly expressed following exposure to wounding stress. Galantamine contents of calli after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure were respectively 2.5, 2.5, 3.5, 3.5, 5.0, 5.0, and 8.5 times higher than that after 0 h of exposure. Furthermore, a total of 48 hydrophilic metabolites were detected in the 0 h exposed callus and 96 h exposed callus using GC-TOFMS. In particular, a strong positive correlation between galantamine and initial precursors, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, was observed.
Chang Ha Park; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Bao Van Nguyen; Seung-A Baek; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Eun Park; Haeng Hoon Kim; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus. Plants 2020, 9, 1616 .
AMA StyleChang Ha Park, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Bao Van Nguyen, Seung-A Baek, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Ye Eun Park, Haeng Hoon Kim, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus. Plants. 2020; 9 (11):1616.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang Ha Park; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Bao Van Nguyen; Seung-A Baek; Hyeon Ji Yeo; Ye Eun Park; Haeng Hoon Kim; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2020. "Metabolic Profiling of Primary Metabolites and Galantamine Biosynthesis in Wounded Lycoris radiata Callus." Plants 9, no. 11: 1616.
MYB transcription factors (TFs) play a vital role in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. In the present study, we constructed an overexpression system for four R2R3-MYB TFs genes, namely FtMYB1, FtMYB2, FtMYB3, and FtMYB-Like in tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). FtMYBs were expressed in a tissue-specific manner: expression levels of FtMYB1, FtMYB2, FtMYB3, and FtMYB-Like were highest in the seed1, flower, root, and flower, respectively. FtMYBs under different stress conditions showed that FtMYB2 was highly expressed to MeJA followed by NaCl, ABA, and SA, whereas other FtMYBs does not show significant expression when compared to control. In order to investigate their function in the phenylpropanoid pathway, these genes were over-expressed in hairy roots of F. tataricum. Results showed that the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid, including FtPAL, Ft4CL, FtC4H, FtCHS, FtCHI, FtF3H, FtF3′H1, FtF3′H2, FtFLS2, and FtANS were markedly up-regulated in the transgenic lines compared with that in the control (β-glucuronidase) lines. However, FtFLS1 and FtDFR did not show any significant expression in FtMYB2 and FtMYB3 transgenic lines. The result of high-performance liquid chromatography also demonstrated that FtMYB1, FtMYB2, FtMYB3, and FtMYB-Like are likely to be involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in F. tataricum, especially, in anthocyanin accumulation. This accumulation was found to be 2–fold higher in the transgenic lines than that in control lines. However, the FtMYB3 line did not show a significant accumulation of anthocyanin when compared with the other three MYB lines. Overall, these results demonstrated that the FtMYBs play a crucial role in secondary metabolism, especially FtMYB2 may act as important regulators of the environmental stress response in F. tataricum. Hence, this study provides novel insights regarding the functions of R2R3-MYB TFs in the regulatory network that controls phenylpropanoid accumulation in buckwheat.
Xiaohua Li; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Nam Il Park; Qi Wu; Sang Un Park. Enhancement of phenylpropanoid accumulation in tartary buckwheat hairy roots by overexpression of MYB transcription factors. Industrial Crops and Products 2020, 156, 112887 .
AMA StyleXiaohua Li, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Nam Il Park, Qi Wu, Sang Un Park. Enhancement of phenylpropanoid accumulation in tartary buckwheat hairy roots by overexpression of MYB transcription factors. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 156 ():112887.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohua Li; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Nam Il Park; Qi Wu; Sang Un Park. 2020. "Enhancement of phenylpropanoid accumulation in tartary buckwheat hairy roots by overexpression of MYB transcription factors." Industrial Crops and Products 156, no. : 112887.
Purpose: To examine the effect of various heavy metals (HMs) on phenylpropanoid pathway compounds in Robinia pseudoacacia.Methods: A series of pot culture experiments were performed to understand how the metabolic profile of phenylpropanoid compounds were affected by various HMs, such as redox-active HMs (AgNO3 and CuCl2), and non-redox-active HMs (HgCl2). Phenylpropanoid compound level was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography.Results: The total phenylpropanoid level in leaves increased significantly in all the treated groups when compared to that in the untreated group (p < 0.05). However, a significant effect on the total phenylpropanoid levels was only found for redox-active HMs (p < 0.05), whereas non-redox-active HMs showed less accumulation. Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the two major phenylpropanoid compounds found after the plants were subjected to redox and non-redox-active HMs stress. However, when compared to these two compounds, the levels of catechin hydrate, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, and quercetin were lower. Caffeic acid level was significantly decreased in both redox and non-redox-active HMs when compared to that in the control (p < 0.05). In addition, trans-cinnamic acid accumulation was altered based on the types and concentration of HMs.Conclusion: Phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway participated in the HM tolerance process for the protection of R. pseudoacacia from oxidative damage caused by HMs, thus allowing the species to grow in highly HMs-contaminated areas. Keywords: Heavy metals, Non-redox-active metals, Phenylpropanoid compounds, Redox-active metals, Robinia pseudoacacia
Nam Si Kim; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Se Won Chun; Woo Bin Youn; Sang Un Park; Byung Bae Park. Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and their protective effect against heavy metals in nitrogen-fixing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2020, 19, 1065 -1072.
AMA StyleNam Si Kim, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Se Won Chun, Woo Bin Youn, Sang Un Park, Byung Bae Park. Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and their protective effect against heavy metals in nitrogen-fixing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2020; 19 (5):1065-1072.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNam Si Kim; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Se Won Chun; Woo Bin Youn; Sang Un Park; Byung Bae Park. 2020. "Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and their protective effect against heavy metals in nitrogen-fixing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 19, no. 5: 1065-1072.
Carotenoids are diverse groups of colorful pigments, which are synthesized in plants, algae, bacteria, and some yeast. They play a pivotal role in photosynthesis, photoprotection, and the production of phytohormones (abscisic acid and strigolactone) in plant cells. Most of the carotenogenic genes have been identified in plants; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation are still unclear. The main objective of this review is to provide updated knowledge on the biosynthesis, regulation, storage, and degradation of plant carotenoid biosynthetic pathway genes and enzymes. This review provides new insightful ideas, with which researchers could elucidate the function of the carotenoid pathway. Furthermore, it shed light on how the metabolic engineering approach in plants has provided important information for carotenoid biotechnology.
Ramaraj Sathasivam; Ramalingam Radhakrishnan; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. An update on biosynthesis and regulation of carotenoids in plants. South African Journal of Botany 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleRamaraj Sathasivam, Ramalingam Radhakrishnan, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. An update on biosynthesis and regulation of carotenoids in plants. South African Journal of Botany. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamaraj Sathasivam; Ramalingam Radhakrishnan; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2020. "An update on biosynthesis and regulation of carotenoids in plants." South African Journal of Botany , no. : 1.
Agsatache rugosa (Korean mint), belongs to the mint family and it has various medicinal properties. In addition, it has several valuable compounds such as monoterpenes and phenylpropanoid compounds. Amongst these, two compounds viz., rosmarinic acid (RA), and tilianin are well-known natural compounds that have numerous pharmacological properties. The phenylpropanoid biosynthetic gene expression under stress conditions and the subsequent accumulation of phenylpropanoid content has not been extensively studied in Korean mint. Here, we investigated the effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the expression levels of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway genes and the accumulation of phenylpropanoid compounds such as RA and tilianin in A. rugosa. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the phenylpropanoid pathway genes responded to the LED lights. The transcript levels of downstream genes (C4H, CHS, CHI, and RAS) were comparatively higher than those of upstream genes (PAL, TAT, and HPPR). In addition, HPLC analysis showed that the content of RA and tilianin were significantly higher in plants cultivated under white light than those grown under red, blue, green, and orange lights. The RA and tilianin content were the highest in the plantlets after three weeks of exposure to white light. These results suggested that white LED lights significantly enhanced the accumulation of phenylpropanoid compounds in A. rugosa.
Woo Tae Park; Sun Kyung Yeo; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jong Seok Park; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. Influence of light-emitting diodes on phenylpropanoid biosynthetic gene expression and phenylpropanoid accumulation in Agastache rugosa. Applied Biological Chemistry 2020, 63, 1 -9.
AMA StyleWoo Tae Park, Sun Kyung Yeo, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Jong Seok Park, Jae Kwang Kim, Sang Un Park. Influence of light-emitting diodes on phenylpropanoid biosynthetic gene expression and phenylpropanoid accumulation in Agastache rugosa. Applied Biological Chemistry. 2020; 63 (1):1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWoo Tae Park; Sun Kyung Yeo; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jong Seok Park; Jae Kwang Kim; Sang Un Park. 2020. "Influence of light-emitting diodes on phenylpropanoid biosynthetic gene expression and phenylpropanoid accumulation in Agastache rugosa." Applied Biological Chemistry 63, no. 1: 1-9.
Microalgae are capable of tolerating variations in water temperature and sudden exposures to toxic substances, and cellular heat shock proteins (HSPs) help to protect cells from such stress. Here, we determined the complete open reading frames (ORF) of small TsHSP20 and large TsHSP70 and 100 in the chlorophyte Tetraselmis suecica, and examined the expression levels of these genes after exposure to thermal stressors, redox-active metals, and non-redox-active metals. Putative TsHSP20, TsHSP70, and TsHSP100 proteins had conserved HSP-family motifs with different C-terminus motifs. Phylogenetic analyses of individual HSPs showed that T. suecica clustered well with other chlorophytes. Real-time PCR analysis showed that thermal stress did not significantly change the expression of all the tested TsHSPs. In addition, TsHSP20 showed little gene expression after being exposed to copper, whereas TsHSP70 and 100 genes greatly responded to the redox-active metals in CuSO4 followed by CuCl2, but not to the non-redox metals. Redox-active metals strongly affected the physiology of the cells, as judged by cell counting, reactive oxygen species imaging and photosynthetic efficiency. These findings suggest that small and large HSPs are differentially involved in the response against environmental stressors. Moreover, metal toxicity may be specifically controlled by the anions in the metal compounds.
Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jang-Seu Ki. Heat shock protein genes in the green alga Tetraselmis suecica and their role against redox and non-redox active metals. European Journal of Protistology 2019, 69, 37 -51.
AMA StyleRamaraj Sathasivam, Jang-Seu Ki. Heat shock protein genes in the green alga Tetraselmis suecica and their role against redox and non-redox active metals. European Journal of Protistology. 2019; 69 ():37-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamaraj Sathasivam; Jang-Seu Ki. 2019. "Heat shock protein genes in the green alga Tetraselmis suecica and their role against redox and non-redox active metals." European Journal of Protistology 69, no. : 37-51.
The green microalga, Tetraselmis suecica, is commonly used in scientific, industrial, and aquacultural purposes because of its high stress tolerance and ease of culture in wide spectrums of environments. We hypothesized that carotenoids help to protect Tetraselmis cells from environmental stress by regulating genes in biosynthetic pathways. Here, we determined three major carotenogenic genes, phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), and β-lycopene cyclase (LCY-B) in T. suecica, and examined the physiological parameters and gene expression responses when exposed to redox-active metals and non-redox-active metals. Phylogenetic analyses of each gene indicated that T. suecica clustered well with other green algae. Real-time PCR analysis showed that TsPSY, TsPDS, and TsLCY-B genes greatly responded to the redox-active metals in CuSO4 followed by CuCl2, but not to the non-redox-active metals. The redox-active metals strongly affected the physiology of the cells, as determined by cell counting, reactive oxygen species (ROS) imaging, and photosynthetic efficiency. This suggests that carotenoids protect the cells from oxidative damage caused by metals, thereby contributing to cell survival under various stress conditions.
Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jang-Seu Ki. Differential transcriptional responses of carotenoid biosynthesis genes in the marine green alga Tetraselmis suecica exposed to redox and non-redox active metals. Molecular Biology Reports 2019, 46, 1167 -1179.
AMA StyleRamaraj Sathasivam, Jang-Seu Ki. Differential transcriptional responses of carotenoid biosynthesis genes in the marine green alga Tetraselmis suecica exposed to redox and non-redox active metals. Molecular Biology Reports. 2019; 46 (1):1167-1179.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamaraj Sathasivam; Jang-Seu Ki. 2019. "Differential transcriptional responses of carotenoid biosynthesis genes in the marine green alga Tetraselmis suecica exposed to redox and non-redox active metals." Molecular Biology Reports 46, no. 1: 1167-1179.
Piyawat Pongpadung; Litao Zhang; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Kittisak Yokthongwattana; Niran Juntawong; Jianguo Liu. Stimulation of Hydrogen Photoproduction in Chlorella sorokiniana Subjected to Simultaneous Nitrogen Limitation and Sulfur- and/or Phosphorus-Deprivation. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2018, 12, 1719 -1727.
AMA StylePiyawat Pongpadung, Litao Zhang, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Kittisak Yokthongwattana, Niran Juntawong, Jianguo Liu. Stimulation of Hydrogen Photoproduction in Chlorella sorokiniana Subjected to Simultaneous Nitrogen Limitation and Sulfur- and/or Phosphorus-Deprivation. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 2018; 12 (4):1719-1727.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiyawat Pongpadung; Litao Zhang; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Kittisak Yokthongwattana; Niran Juntawong; Jianguo Liu. 2018. "Stimulation of Hydrogen Photoproduction in Chlorella sorokiniana Subjected to Simultaneous Nitrogen Limitation and Sulfur- and/or Phosphorus-Deprivation." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 12, no. 4: 1719-1727.
The marine green microalga, Tetraselmis suecica, is an important food source for aquaculture, lipid source for biofuel production, and a potential model organism for toxicity assays because of its rapid growth and ability to produce useful chemicals. In order to gain molecular toxicogenomic insights, we determined expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of T. suecica by pyrosequencing, and attained 741 K reads, including 290 Mb of cDNA information. Upon data processing, 24,651 contigs and 19,072 non-overlapping fragments were acquired and deposited to the NCBI non-redundant and gene ontology databases. Of these, 11,292 contigs and 1848 singletons were annotated. From the EST data, we found that many previously identified stress-responsive protein-coding genes were included. The data were further investigated with a focus on heat shock protein (HSP) gene families, with most characterized HSP genes present in our ESTs. In addition, the expression of HSP70 and HSP90 was significantly increased after T. suecica cells were exposed to metal contaminants. This work expands our understanding of stress-related genomics of T. suecica and further evaluates a potential use of oxidative stress-related genes as biomarkers, in particular HSP involvement in environmental genomics and marine toxicological assessment.
Ramaraj Sathasivam; Ruoyu Guo; Hui Wang; Weol-Ae Lim; Jang-Seu Ki. Expressed sequence tag library of the marine green alga Tetraselmis suecica: a focus on stress-related genes for marine pollution. Environmental Biology of Fishes 2018, 30, 2387 -2402.
AMA StyleRamaraj Sathasivam, Ruoyu Guo, Hui Wang, Weol-Ae Lim, Jang-Seu Ki. Expressed sequence tag library of the marine green alga Tetraselmis suecica: a focus on stress-related genes for marine pollution. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2018; 30 (4):2387-2402.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamaraj Sathasivam; Ruoyu Guo; Hui Wang; Weol-Ae Lim; Jang-Seu Ki. 2018. "Expressed sequence tag library of the marine green alga Tetraselmis suecica: a focus on stress-related genes for marine pollution." Environmental Biology of Fishes 30, no. 4: 2387-2402.
Carotenoids are natural pigments that play pivotal roles in many physiological functions. The characteristics of carotenoids, their effects on health, and the cosmetic benefits of their usage have been under investigation for a long time; however, most reviews on this subject focus on carotenoids obtained from several microalgae, vegetables, fruits, and higher plants. Recently, microalgae have received much attention due to their abilities in producing novel bioactive metabolites, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can provide for health and cosmetic benefits. The main objectives of this review are to provide an updated view of recent work on the health and cosmetic benefits associated with carotenoid use, as well as to provide a list of microalgae that produce different types of carotenoids. This review could provide new insights to researchers on the potential role of carotenoids in improving human health.
Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jang-Seu Ki. A Review of the Biological Activities of Microalgal Carotenoids and Their Potential Use in Healthcare and Cosmetic Industries. Marine Drugs 2018, 16, 26 .
AMA StyleRamaraj Sathasivam, Jang-Seu Ki. A Review of the Biological Activities of Microalgal Carotenoids and Their Potential Use in Healthcare and Cosmetic Industries. Marine Drugs. 2018; 16 (1):26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamaraj Sathasivam; Jang-Seu Ki. 2018. "A Review of the Biological Activities of Microalgal Carotenoids and Their Potential Use in Healthcare and Cosmetic Industries." Marine Drugs 16, no. 1: 26.
Microalgae are one of the important components in food chains of aquatic ecosystems and have been used for human consumption as food and as medicines. The wide diversity of compounds synthesized from different metabolic pathways of fresh and marine water algae provide promising sources of fatty acids, steroids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, lectins, mycosporine-like amino acids, halogenated compounds, polyketides, toxins, agar agar, alginic acid and carrageenan. This review discusses microalgae used to produce biological substances and its economic importance in food science, the pharmaceutical industry and public health.
Ramaraj Sathasivam; Ramalingam Radhakrishnan; Abeer Hashem; Elsayed F Abd Allah. Microalgae metabolites: A rich source for food and medicine. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2017, 26, 709 -722.
AMA StyleRamaraj Sathasivam, Ramalingam Radhakrishnan, Abeer Hashem, Elsayed F Abd Allah. Microalgae metabolites: A rich source for food and medicine. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2017; 26 (4):709-722.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamaraj Sathasivam; Ramalingam Radhakrishnan; Abeer Hashem; Elsayed F Abd Allah. 2017. "Microalgae metabolites: A rich source for food and medicine." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 26, no. 4: 709-722.
Hui Wang; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jang-Seu Ki. Physiological effects of copper on the freshwater alga Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini (Conjugatophyceae) and its potential use in toxicity assessments. ALGAE 2017, 32, 131 -137.
AMA StyleHui Wang, Ramaraj Sathasivam, Jang-Seu Ki. Physiological effects of copper on the freshwater alga Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini (Conjugatophyceae) and its potential use in toxicity assessments. ALGAE. 2017; 32 (2):131-137.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHui Wang; Ramaraj Sathasivam; Jang-Seu Ki. 2017. "Physiological effects of copper on the freshwater alga Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini (Conjugatophyceae) and its potential use in toxicity assessments." ALGAE 32, no. 2: 131-137.