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The feasibility of hydroelectric plants depends on a variety of factors: water resource regime, geographical, geological and environmental context, available technology, construction cost, and economic value of the energy produced. Choices for the building or renewal of hydroelectric plants should be based on a forecast of the future trend of these factors at least during the projected lifespan of the system. In focusing on the economic value of the energy produced, this paper examines its influence on the feasibility of hydroelectric plants. This analysis, referred to as the Italian case, is based on three different phases: (i) the economic sustainability of small-scale hydroelectric plants under a minimum price guaranteed to the hydroelectric operator; (ii) an estimate of the incentives for reaching the thresholds of “acceptability” and “bankability” of the investment; (iii) an analysis of the results obtained in the previous phases using a model of the evolution of the electricity price over the 2014–2100 period. With reference to the Italian case, the analysis suggests that, to maintain the attractiveness of the sector, it is necessary to safeguard the access to a minimum guaranteed price. With the current tariff plan, complete sustainability is only achieved for plants with p ≤ 100 kW. For the remaining sizes, investments under current conditions would not be profitable. The extension of minimum guaranteed prices could make new medium-large plants (500–1000 kW) more attractive. The current incentive policy is not effective for the development of plants larger than 250 kW, as systems with lower capital expenditures are preferred. Uncertainty about the evolution of the price of energy over time is a concern for the sector; the use of evolutionary models of technical economic analysis tried to reduce these criticalities, and it was shown that they can be transformed into opportunities. It was also found that profitability due to the growing trend expected for the price of energy cannot be highlighted by a traditional analysis.
Anita Raimondi; Filippo Bettoni; Alberto Bianchi; Gianfranco Becciu. Economic Sustainability of Small-Scale Hydroelectric Plants on a National Scale—The Italian Case Study. Water 2021, 13, 1170 .
AMA StyleAnita Raimondi, Filippo Bettoni, Alberto Bianchi, Gianfranco Becciu. Economic Sustainability of Small-Scale Hydroelectric Plants on a National Scale—The Italian Case Study. Water. 2021; 13 (9):1170.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Raimondi; Filippo Bettoni; Alberto Bianchi; Gianfranco Becciu. 2021. "Economic Sustainability of Small-Scale Hydroelectric Plants on a National Scale—The Italian Case Study." Water 13, no. 9: 1170.
The feasibility of hydroelectric plants depends on a variety of factors: water resource regime, geo-graphical, geological and environmental context, available technology, construction cost and eco-nomic value of produced energy. Choices about the building or renewal of hydroelectric plants should be based on the forecast of the future trend of these factors at least during the project life of the system. Focusing on the economic value of the produced energy this paper examines its influ-ence on the feasibility of hydroelectric plants. Analysis, referred to Italian case, were based on three different phases: i) the economic sustainability of small-scale hydroelectric plants under a minimum price guaranteed to the hydroelectric operator; ii) the estimate of the incentives to reach the thresholds of "acceptability" and "bankability" of the investment; iii) the analysis of results ob-tained in the previous phases using a model of the evolution of the electricity price in the period 2014-2100.
Anita Raimondi; Filippo Bettoni; Alberto Bianchi; Gianfranco Becciu. Economic Sustainability of Small-Scale Hydroelectric Plants on National Scale – The Italian Case Study. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAnita Raimondi, Filippo Bettoni, Alberto Bianchi, Gianfranco Becciu. Economic Sustainability of Small-Scale Hydroelectric Plants on National Scale – The Italian Case Study. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Raimondi; Filippo Bettoni; Alberto Bianchi; Gianfranco Becciu. 2021. "Economic Sustainability of Small-Scale Hydroelectric Plants on National Scale – The Italian Case Study." , no. : 1.
The implementation of green roofs as sustainable urban drainage systems provides benefits for stormwater control and the environment and is more and more encouraged. A model for the estimation of the probability of vegetation survival without irrigation is proposed. The model, developed through a probabilistic analytical derivation procedure, can also consider the effects of chained rainfall events, without the need of continuous simulation of hydrological processes. The model equations can be useful in the design of green roofs, allowing to determine the growing medium thickness in terms of an assumed risk of vegetation withering in dry periods. The proposed model is also able to identify the optimal thickness of the growing medium, over which the survival performances can be increased only with irrigation. Model performances were tested by the application to two case studies in Italy. Comparison between the probabilities and the cumulative frequencies from a continuous simulation of water content in the growing medium shows a good agreement and provide a first confirmation of reliability.
Anita Raimondi; Mariana Marchioni; Umberto Sanfilippo; Gianfranco Becciu. Vegetation Survival in Green Roofs without Irrigation. Water 2021, 13, 136 .
AMA StyleAnita Raimondi, Mariana Marchioni, Umberto Sanfilippo, Gianfranco Becciu. Vegetation Survival in Green Roofs without Irrigation. Water. 2021; 13 (2):136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Raimondi; Mariana Marchioni; Umberto Sanfilippo; Gianfranco Becciu. 2021. "Vegetation Survival in Green Roofs without Irrigation." Water 13, no. 2: 136.
The implementation of green roofs as sustainable urban drainage systems provides benefits for stormwater control and the environment and is always more encouraged. In this paper, the estimation of the probability of vegetation survival without irrigation has been proposed as a guide to choose the proper values for the design parameters; in particular the growing medium thickness has been related to the average return interval of the water content at the end of the dry period. Moreover the study represents an improvement of the analytical probabilistic approach since a chain of consecutive rainfall events has been considered, in order to take into account the possibility that the storage capacity is not completely available at the beginning of each event because of the pre-filling from more than one previous rainfall as typically happens for green roofs. Finally, developed equations have been validated by means of their application to two case studies, respectively in northern and southern Italy.
Anita Raimondi; Mariana Marchioni; Umberto Sanfilippo; Gianfranco Becciu. Vegetation Survival in Green Roofs without Irrigation. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleAnita Raimondi, Mariana Marchioni, Umberto Sanfilippo, Gianfranco Becciu. Vegetation Survival in Green Roofs without Irrigation. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnita Raimondi; Mariana Marchioni; Umberto Sanfilippo; Gianfranco Becciu. 2020. "Vegetation Survival in Green Roofs without Irrigation." , no. : 1.
The traditional approach for the optimization of water distribution networks (WDNs) does not always lead to consistent solutions from an operational point of view. The latest optimization algorithms identify solutions that are “the best solutions” in mathematical terms but that can be less than robust against changes in operating conditions, resulting in the worst case in hydraulically infeasible configurations. Thus, this paper aims to provide a methodology that can synthesize the network performance capabilities under the change in operating conditions with two convergent strategies. The first consists of the implementation of new performance indices (PIs), the demand deficit and the pressure range, and the evaluation of their ability to criticality highlight in operating conditions. The second is the introduction of a new approach to weight the infeasible solutions in the final result, which are those inconsistent with the real hydraulic network performances. The analysis shows that the use of these new indices makes it easier to understand the behavior of the network and to identify any weaknesses. This is true if these indices consider the hydraulically inconsistent solutions that may arise from the simulations of different operation conditions; otherwise, results that poorly represent the real behavior of the network would be obtained.
Flavia Fuso; Maria C. Cunha; Gianfranco Becciu. Functional Feasibility in Optimal Evaluation of Water Distribution Network Performances. Water 2020, 12, 3404 .
AMA StyleFlavia Fuso, Maria C. Cunha, Gianfranco Becciu. Functional Feasibility in Optimal Evaluation of Water Distribution Network Performances. Water. 2020; 12 (12):3404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlavia Fuso; Maria C. Cunha; Gianfranco Becciu. 2020. "Functional Feasibility in Optimal Evaluation of Water Distribution Network Performances." Water 12, no. 12: 3404.
The current approach to stormwater management should focus on dealing with water on its source. The Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) promotes runoff peak flow and volume attenuation, load removal while providing amenites and biodiversities but can be difficult to apply in developed urban centers. An infiltration-exfiltration system (IES) placed on road gutters can function on receiving runoff from roads and directing them to the sewers system reducing peak flow and volume. This research follows up a full-scale test of an IES installed in São Paulo, Brazil. The IES has 49 × 1880 m dimension and a cross-section of 49 × 30 cm with a pervious concrete surface layer. The pervious concrete showed mechanical results acceptable for a low vehicular traffic and infiltration rate that allows water infiltration. Rainfall-runoff modeling showed that the proposed IES had a low effect on runoff peak flow and volume attenuation. A deeper gravel layers depth and outlet flow restrictor would improve performance. The proposed IES function on avoid ponding, promoting water treatment, and reducing inlet maintenance.
Mariana Marchioni; Gianfranco Becciu; Claudio Oliveira. Infiltration-Exfiltration System for Stormwater Control: A Full Scale Test. Proceedings 2019, 48, 11 .
AMA StyleMariana Marchioni, Gianfranco Becciu, Claudio Oliveira. Infiltration-Exfiltration System for Stormwater Control: A Full Scale Test. Proceedings. 2019; 48 (1):11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariana Marchioni; Gianfranco Becciu; Claudio Oliveira. 2019. "Infiltration-Exfiltration System for Stormwater Control: A Full Scale Test." Proceedings 48, no. 1: 11.
Mariana Marchioni; Gianfranco Becciu. Infiltration-exfiltration system for stormwater runoff volume and peak attenuation. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 2018, 8, 473 -483.
AMA StyleMariana Marchioni, Gianfranco Becciu. Infiltration-exfiltration system for stormwater runoff volume and peak attenuation. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering. 2018; 8 (4):473-483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariana Marchioni; Gianfranco Becciu. 2018. "Infiltration-exfiltration system for stormwater runoff volume and peak attenuation." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 8, no. 4: 473-483.
Today, we know that not only the sewers carry urban wastewater, but also act as chemical and biological reactors, in which both organic and inorganic substances undergo significant transformations. This article describes a study on the western part of the sewer system of the city of Milan. The hydraulic model of the sewer system was coupled with the chemical and dynamic biological model to assess the extent of the degradation of organic matter in the network. The hydraulic and biological models were calibrated with real data obtained at the entrance of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) ‘Milan South’ and assuming standard values of daily per capita loads of COD and BOD5.
Shervin Shahvi; Enrico Orsi; Roberto Canziani; Enrico Larcan; Gianfranco Becciu. Aerobic transformations of organic matters in sewer wastewater, a case study of Milan, Italy. Urban Water Journal 2017, 14, 1058 -1064.
AMA StyleShervin Shahvi, Enrico Orsi, Roberto Canziani, Enrico Larcan, Gianfranco Becciu. Aerobic transformations of organic matters in sewer wastewater, a case study of Milan, Italy. Urban Water Journal. 2017; 14 (10):1058-1064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Shahvi; Enrico Orsi; Roberto Canziani; Enrico Larcan; Gianfranco Becciu. 2017. "Aerobic transformations of organic matters in sewer wastewater, a case study of Milan, Italy." Urban Water Journal 14, no. 10: 1058-1064.
A. Raimondi; Gianfranco Becciu. On the efficiency of stormwater detention tanks in pollutant removal. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 2017, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleA. Raimondi, Gianfranco Becciu. On the efficiency of stormwater detention tanks in pollutant removal. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. 2017; 12 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Raimondi; Gianfranco Becciu. 2017. "On the efficiency of stormwater detention tanks in pollutant removal." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 12, no. 1: 1.
Permeable pavements have been used widely across the world to manage urban stormwater. The hydrological behaviour of permeable surfaces is a complex process affected by many factors, such as rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, pavement geometrical conditions, and clogging level of the permeable surface, amongst others. This laboratory study was carried out to assess the influence of clogging level and rainfall intensity on the infiltration capacity of porous mixture surfaces used in Permeable Pavement Systems (PPS). Porous Concrete (PC) and Porous Asphalt (PA) mixtures with different air void contents (15%, 20%, and 25%) were subject to different clogging scenarios by using varying sediment loads (0, 500, and 1000 g/m2). Permeability experiments were carried out for each clogging scenario through a new rainfall simulator specially developed, tailored, and calibrated for the laboratory simulation of a wide range of rainfall events. Permeability measurements were taken under all different scenarios as a result of the combination of the different rainfall events (50, 100, and 150 mm/h) simulated over the specimens of porous mixtures and the sediment loads applied to them. The results showed that the PC mixtures tested perform better than the PA ones in terms of infiltration capacity, showing less potential for clogging and being more easily cleaned by the wash-off produced by the simulated rainfall events.
Valerio C. Andrés-Valeri; Mariana Marchioni; Luis Angel Sañudo-Fontaneda; Filippo Giustozzi; Gianfranco Becciu. Laboratory Assessment of the Infiltration Capacity Reduction in Clogged Porous Mixture Surfaces. Sustainability 2016, 8, 751 .
AMA StyleValerio C. Andrés-Valeri, Mariana Marchioni, Luis Angel Sañudo-Fontaneda, Filippo Giustozzi, Gianfranco Becciu. Laboratory Assessment of the Infiltration Capacity Reduction in Clogged Porous Mixture Surfaces. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (8):751.
Chicago/Turabian StyleValerio C. Andrés-Valeri; Mariana Marchioni; Luis Angel Sañudo-Fontaneda; Filippo Giustozzi; Gianfranco Becciu. 2016. "Laboratory Assessment of the Infiltration Capacity Reduction in Clogged Porous Mixture Surfaces." Sustainability 8, no. 8: 751.
In this work, a novel methodology is presented to identify isolated DMAs (District Metered Areas) in a water distribution network having a large number of water sources, such as autonomous reservoirs, directly connected to the distribution network. The method proposed is based on graph theory. Initially, the network is subdivided to the least terms into elementary districts, areas of influence of each supply source. In a second step, the resulting elementary areas are conveniently coupled to form possible layouts of isolated DMAs solutions. The union process takes into account the size of districts and the overall network resilience. The method is effectively applied to a case study derived from a large real water distribution network.
Francesca Scarpa; Andrea Lobba; Gianfranco Becciu. Elementary DMA Design of Looped Water Distribution Networks with Multiple Sources. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2016, 142, 04016011 .
AMA StyleFrancesca Scarpa, Andrea Lobba, Gianfranco Becciu. Elementary DMA Design of Looped Water Distribution Networks with Multiple Sources. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 2016; 142 (6):04016011.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Scarpa; Andrea Lobba; Gianfranco Becciu. 2016. "Elementary DMA Design of Looped Water Distribution Networks with Multiple Sources." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 142, no. 6: 04016011.
The aim of this paper is the evaluation of the hydromorphological conditions of mountain rivers subject to extensive human activities. The hydromorphological state of a river depends on a high number of natural and anthropogenic characteristics, such as the presence of weirs, dams, or any other human infrastructure close to the riverbanks. The research focused on the mountain streams in Lake Maggiore catchment, located in the Italian Alps. The analyses were carried out using the method CARAVAGGIO (Core Assessment of River hAbitat VAlue and hydromorpholoGIcal cOndition), which complies with the EC Water Framework Directive. An intensive campaign of field surveys was conducted and a great amount of data was collected to obtain specific synthesis indexes. In particular, the Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA) and the Habitat Modification Score (HMS) were used to determine the diversification of natural characteristics and the level of hydromorphological alteration in the study area. Furthermore, a Lentic-lotic River Descriptor (LRD) was used in support of the information obtained by HQA and HMS. This research shows that the worst hydromorphological conditions can be found in rivers characterised by a high level of human constructions and hydropower plants. Finally, regression analyses were implemented to search a relationship between HQA, HMS and some morphological parameters. LRD was correlated to some hydraulic parameters. The results of this research are characterised by a high stochasticity.
Claudia Dresti; Gianfranco Becciu; Helmi Saidi; Marzia Ciampittiello. The hydromorphological state in mountain rivers subject to human impacts: a case study in the North-West of Italy. Environmental Earth Sciences 2016, 75, 1 -11.
AMA StyleClaudia Dresti, Gianfranco Becciu, Helmi Saidi, Marzia Ciampittiello. The hydromorphological state in mountain rivers subject to human impacts: a case study in the North-West of Italy. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2016; 75 (6):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudia Dresti; Gianfranco Becciu; Helmi Saidi; Marzia Ciampittiello. 2016. "The hydromorphological state in mountain rivers subject to human impacts: a case study in the North-West of Italy." Environmental Earth Sciences 75, no. 6: 1-11.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the transformation of some macropollutants including hydrocarbons, surfactants and metals in Milan west sewer basin. The study is part of a wider research (named SWARMNET and proposed by Politecnico di Milano and Metropolitana Milanese S.p.A and has been classified as fundable by the Ministry of Education, University and Research of Italy), aiming at installing a monitoring system for measurement of accidental discharge of pollutants from industrial activities and real-time protection of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by avoiding dangerous discharges entering the sewers. Good effluent and waste sludge quality allow safe agricultural reuse of both streams. Other objectives include food safety, lower treatment costs and reduction of pollution of soil, surface and groundwater. Design/methodology/approach – The west basin of Milan sewer network, discharging to San Rocco WWTP was considered. Among 700 industries, 16 have been selected for their specific characteristics and/or high industrial pollution load. A quality model was coupled with a hydraulic model to evaluate the effect of pollutants transport in the network. Findings – Heavy metals, surfactants and hydrocarbons have different behavior from biodegradable domestic sewage and can be modeled as conservative matter conveyed by advection only. Results show that the concentration values of these macropollutants at the inlet of the WWTP are below the Italian standard values with the exception of Cadmium and Mercury. These heavy metals should be considered in the planned sampling campaign. Originality/value – This study will estimate environmental benefits and both methodology and monitoring techniques can be extended to other cities in Italy and Europe.
Shervin Shahvi; Enrico Orsi; Roberto Canziani; Enrico Larcan; Gianfranco Becciu. Study on industrial macropollutants discharges in Milan sewer system. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 2016, 27, 194 -209.
AMA StyleShervin Shahvi, Enrico Orsi, Roberto Canziani, Enrico Larcan, Gianfranco Becciu. Study on industrial macropollutants discharges in Milan sewer system. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal. 2016; 27 (2):194-209.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Shahvi; Enrico Orsi; Roberto Canziani; Enrico Larcan; Gianfranco Becciu. 2016. "Study on industrial macropollutants discharges in Milan sewer system." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 27, no. 2: 194-209.
The paper proposes a semi-probabilistic approach for the design of rainwater tanks. In particular, the cumulative distribution function of the active storage is derived as a function of rainfall moments. The model is validated through continuous simulation of the hydraulic behaviour of a hypothetical rainwater tank located in Milan (North Italy) using as input a series of rainfall records.
G. Becciu; A. Raimondi; C. Dresti. Semi-probabilistic design of rainwater tanks: a case study in Northern Italy. Urban Water Journal 2016, 15, 192 -199.
AMA StyleG. Becciu, A. Raimondi, C. Dresti. Semi-probabilistic design of rainwater tanks: a case study in Northern Italy. Urban Water Journal. 2016; 15 (3):192-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Becciu; A. Raimondi; C. Dresti. 2016. "Semi-probabilistic design of rainwater tanks: a case study in Northern Italy." Urban Water Journal 15, no. 3: 192-199.
Welcome to the WIT Press eLibrary - the home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute collection, providing on-line access to papers presented at the Institute's prestigious international conferences and from its State-of-the-Art in Science & Engineering publications.
M. Marchioni; G. Becciu; C.A. Brebbia. Experimental results on permeable pavements in Urban areas: A synthetic review. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 2015, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleM. Marchioni, G. Becciu, C.A. Brebbia. Experimental results on permeable pavements in Urban areas: A synthetic review. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. 2015; 10 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Marchioni; G. Becciu; C.A. Brebbia. 2015. "Experimental results on permeable pavements in Urban areas: A synthetic review." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 10, no. 6: 1.
Welcome to the WIT Press eLibrary - the home of the Transactions of the Wessex Institute collection, providing on-line access to papers presented at the Institute's prestigious international conferences and from its State-of-the-Art in Science & Engineering publications.
G. Becciu; Anita Raimondi; C.A. Brebbia. Probabilistic modeling of the efficiency of a stormwater detention facility. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 2015, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleG. Becciu, Anita Raimondi, C.A. Brebbia. Probabilistic modeling of the efficiency of a stormwater detention facility. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. 2015; 10 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Becciu; Anita Raimondi; C.A. Brebbia. 2015. "Probabilistic modeling of the efficiency of a stormwater detention facility." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 10, no. 6: 1.
F. Scarpa; A. Lobba; G. Becciu. Expeditious Pump Rescheduling in Multisource Water Distribution Networks. Procedia Engineering 2015, 119, 1078 -1087.
AMA StyleF. Scarpa, A. Lobba, G. Becciu. Expeditious Pump Rescheduling in Multisource Water Distribution Networks. Procedia Engineering. 2015; 119 ():1078-1087.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Scarpa; A. Lobba; G. Becciu. 2015. "Expeditious Pump Rescheduling in Multisource Water Distribution Networks." Procedia Engineering 119, no. : 1078-1087.
Stormwater detention facilities are often used in modern drainage systems to reduce the hydraulic load on existing sewers, due to the increase of impermeable surfaces and to the more frequent extreme rainfalls, consequence of climate changes. Although their design is mainly aimed to limit uncontrolled spills into receiving water bodies, storage capacity for water quality enhancement is often considered, mainly with the purpose of increasing the retention time. Standard analysis is usually based on empirical methods or on continuous simulations. This paper focuses on the probabilistic analysis of retention times aimed to provide guidance to engineers for the design of stormwater detention facilities. In particular, the influence on retention time of the possibility of water mixing from consecutive rainfall events, due to the pre-filling of the storage capacity from previous runoffs has been investigated. Derived expression has been tested by their application to a case study
Gianfranco Becciu; Anita Raimondi. Probabilistic Analysis of the Retention Time in Stormwater Detention Facilities. Procedia Engineering 2015, 119, 1299 -1307.
AMA StyleGianfranco Becciu, Anita Raimondi. Probabilistic Analysis of the Retention Time in Stormwater Detention Facilities. Procedia Engineering. 2015; 119 ():1299-1307.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianfranco Becciu; Anita Raimondi. 2015. "Probabilistic Analysis of the Retention Time in Stormwater Detention Facilities." Procedia Engineering 119, no. : 1299-1307.
G. Becciu; S. Mambretti; P.S. Martins. Evolutionary optimization for water losses recognition in water supply networks. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 2014, 19, 976 -999.
AMA StyleG. Becciu, S. Mambretti, P.S. Martins. Evolutionary optimization for water losses recognition in water supply networks. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering. 2014; 19 (8):976-999.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Becciu; S. Mambretti; P.S. Martins. 2014. "Evolutionary optimization for water losses recognition in water supply networks." European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 19, no. 8: 976-999.
Giada Ferrari; Dragan Savic; Gianfranco Becciu. Graph-Theoretic Approach and Sound Engineering Principles for Design of District Metered Areas. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2014, 140, 04014036 .
AMA StyleGiada Ferrari, Dragan Savic, Gianfranco Becciu. Graph-Theoretic Approach and Sound Engineering Principles for Design of District Metered Areas. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 2014; 140 (12):04014036.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiada Ferrari; Dragan Savic; Gianfranco Becciu. 2014. "Graph-Theoretic Approach and Sound Engineering Principles for Design of District Metered Areas." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 140, no. 12: 04014036.