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H.W. Saatkamp
Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands

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Journal article
Published: 27 April 2021 in Sustainability
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Existing research suggests that regions can develop their long-term competitive advantage through well-functioning interregional innovation cooperation. In this article, we use the example of innovation in small and medium-sized agri-food enterprises (SMEs) to scrutinise and compare regional innovation approaches on each side of the Dutch-German border and explore how they can converge into a cross-border innovation space. Particular attention is paid to the role of academic institutions and innovation brokers in creating a common innovation space. We explore how differences between two cross-border regions can be harnessed to enhance the impact of innovation, and how this may lead to what we describe as hybridisation effects. In the empirical analysis, we apply the concept of hybridisation to a cross-border innovation space, something that, as far as we are aware, has not been done before. We empirically ground the concepts of a cross-border innovation space and hybridisation and illustrate how relative regional strengths can lead to hybridisation effects. We conclude that differences in economic structures, institutional set-ups, visions and identities inherent in cross-border spaces are not only hindrances, but also opportunities, and we highlight the importance of these complementary strengths and the potential for their strategic use by regional innovation actors. Our findings are highly relevant for the further development of the Interreg Europe programme and the implementation of the EU’s Territorial Agenda 2030.

ACS Style

Marina Knickel; Sabine Neuberger; Laurens Klerkx; Karlheinz Knickel; Gianluca Brunori; Helmut Saatkamp. Strengthening the Role of Academic Institutions and Innovation Brokers in Agri-Food Innovation: Towards Hybridisation in Cross-Border Cooperation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4899 .

AMA Style

Marina Knickel, Sabine Neuberger, Laurens Klerkx, Karlheinz Knickel, Gianluca Brunori, Helmut Saatkamp. Strengthening the Role of Academic Institutions and Innovation Brokers in Agri-Food Innovation: Towards Hybridisation in Cross-Border Cooperation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4899.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marina Knickel; Sabine Neuberger; Laurens Klerkx; Karlheinz Knickel; Gianluca Brunori; Helmut Saatkamp. 2021. "Strengthening the Role of Academic Institutions and Innovation Brokers in Agri-Food Innovation: Towards Hybridisation in Cross-Border Cooperation." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4899.

Journal article
Published: 15 March 2020 in Animals
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There are three main rearing systems for white-feathered broilers in China. They are the net floor system (NFS), the normal cage system (NCS), and the high standard cage system (HCS). This study compared the relationship between economic benefit and animal welfare between these systems. The high economic input, high output, and high profit in these three different rearing systems. The welfare scores were 778.24 ± 29.45, 691.09 ± 32.97, and 669.82 ± 22.79, respectively. As white-feathered broiler production in China has developed, from the conventional system to the latest system, both cost and economic profit have increased while the welfare score has decreased. This study explains why the level of animal welfare in China’s white-feathered broiler production is not high at present, and why breeders do not wish to improve the level of animal welfare production. Both proper animal welfare and economic benefit are important to the broiler industry, so it is better to consider these two factors together. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between economic benefit and animal welfare in different production systems of white-feathered broilers in China. Based on the Welfare Quality Assessment (WQA) protocol for poultry, the authors compared and evaluated the results of the Welfare Quality model (WQM) and the deterministic model. The present study conducted welfare evaluations and investigations on 66 broiler chicken flocks on 52 farms in China. These flocks included three types: the net floor system (NFS), the normal cage system (NCS), and the high standard cage system (HCS). In terms of economy, the results were in line with high economic input, high output, and high profit. In terms of animal welfare assessment, the authors calculated the welfare scores per measure and the attributional WQ scores and WQ index scores of each production systems. The results showed that nine welfare measures from four welfare criteria presented different trends in the three production systems. WQ index scores were 778.24 ± 29.45, 691.09 ± 32.97, and 669.82 ± 22.79, respectively. According to Chow test results, significant differences were found between WQ index scores and total cost and profit (all p < 0.01). In conclusion, with the development of white-feathered broiler production in China, from the conventional system to the latest system, both cost and economic profit have been increased, but the welfare score has been decreased.

ACS Style

Qichang Chen; Helmut W. Saatkamp; Jan Cortenbach; Weidong Jin. Comparison of Chinese Broiler Production Systems in Economic Performance and Animal Welfare. Animals 2020, 10, 491 .

AMA Style

Qichang Chen, Helmut W. Saatkamp, Jan Cortenbach, Weidong Jin. Comparison of Chinese Broiler Production Systems in Economic Performance and Animal Welfare. Animals. 2020; 10 (3):491.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qichang Chen; Helmut W. Saatkamp; Jan Cortenbach; Weidong Jin. 2020. "Comparison of Chinese Broiler Production Systems in Economic Performance and Animal Welfare." Animals 10, no. 3: 491.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2019 in Genetics Selection Evolution
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Breeding companies may want to maximize the rate of genetic gain from their breeding program within a limited budget. In salmon breeding programs, full-sibs of selection candidates are subjected to performance tests for traits that cannot be recorded on selection candidates. While marginal gains in the aggregate genotype from phenotyping and genotyping more full-sibs per candidate decrease, costs increase linearly, which suggests that there is an optimum in the allocation of the budget among these activities. Here, we studied how allocation of the fixed budget to numbers of phenotyped and genotyped test individuals in performance tests can be optimized. Gain in the aggregate genotype was a function of the numbers of full-sibs of selection candidates that were (1) phenotyped in a challenge test for sea lice resistance (2) phenotyped in a slaughter test (3) genotyped in the challenge test, and (4) genotyped in the slaughter test. Each of these activities was subject to budget constraints. Using a grid search, we optimized allocation of the budget among activities to maximize gain in the aggregate genotype. We performed sensitivity analyses on the maximum gain in the aggregate genotype and on the relative allocation of the budget among activities at the optimum. Maximum gain in the aggregate genotype was €386/ton per generation. The response surface for gain in the aggregate genotype was rather flat around the optimum, but it curved strongly near the extremes. Maximum gain was sensitive to the size of the budget and the relative emphasis on breeding goal traits, but less sensitive to the accuracy of genomic prediction and costs of phenotyping and genotyping. The relative allocation of budget among activities at the optimum was sensitive to costs of phenotyping and genotyping and the relative emphasis on breeding goal traits, but was less sensitive to the accuracy of genomic prediction and the size of the budget. There is an optimum allocation of budget to the numbers of full-sibs of selection candidates that are phenotyped and genotyped in performance tests that maximizes gain in the aggregate genotype. Although potential gains from optimizing group sizes and genotyping effort may be small, they come at no extra cost.

ACS Style

Kasper Janssen; Helmut W. Saatkamp; Mario P. L. Calus; Hans Komen. Economic optimization of full-sib test group size and genotyping effort in a breeding program for Atlantic salmon. Genetics Selection Evolution 2019, 51, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Kasper Janssen, Helmut W. Saatkamp, Mario P. L. Calus, Hans Komen. Economic optimization of full-sib test group size and genotyping effort in a breeding program for Atlantic salmon. Genetics Selection Evolution. 2019; 51 (1):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kasper Janssen; Helmut W. Saatkamp; Mario P. L. Calus; Hans Komen. 2019. "Economic optimization of full-sib test group size and genotyping effort in a breeding program for Atlantic salmon." Genetics Selection Evolution 51, no. 1: 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 25 July 2019 in Animals
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Since the 1970s, animal welfare (AW) in Dutch broiler production has been criticized by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the general public. Despite the development of production concepts aimed at improving AW, the conventional concept, which satisfied only the minimum legal requirements, remained by far the most dominant one in the Dutch fresh broiler meat market. Then, quite suddenly, in 2014–2015 (i.e., within less than two years), a new broiler concept with increased AW was introduced, which included a slower growing animal, more space, and an improved light regime. This alternative completely replaced the by then conventional concept. The aim of this study was to investigate the origin, causes, and driving forces of this sudden change. Popular and scientific literature, as well as interviews with key players in this transition process, were used to re-construct the chronology of events and draw the main and decisive findings. The latter include: (1) The availability of a cost-efficient alternative to conventional concepts, (2) a basic willingness to change within the entire value chain (including consumers), (3) initiating and triggering actions by NGOs, (4) decisive initiatives by retailers and (5) simultaneous introduction of the new concept and replacement of the conventional concept (i.e., depriving the consumer of a cheaper choice alternative). The result was a real transition of the Dutch fresh meat market without negative purchasing responses of the consumers. It was concluded that, although the Dutch fresh broiler meat market only included 30% of total domestic production, the existence of the abovementioned decisive factors could bring about an important change in favor of AW within a short period of time.

ACS Style

Helmut W. Saatkamp; Luuk S. M. Vissers; Peter L. M. Van Horne; Ingrid C. De Jong. Transition from Conventional Broiler Meat to Meat from Production Concepts with Higher Animal Welfare: Experiences from The Netherlands. Animals 2019, 9, 483 .

AMA Style

Helmut W. Saatkamp, Luuk S. M. Vissers, Peter L. M. Van Horne, Ingrid C. De Jong. Transition from Conventional Broiler Meat to Meat from Production Concepts with Higher Animal Welfare: Experiences from The Netherlands. Animals. 2019; 9 (8):483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Helmut W. Saatkamp; Luuk S. M. Vissers; Peter L. M. Van Horne; Ingrid C. De Jong. 2019. "Transition from Conventional Broiler Meat to Meat from Production Concepts with Higher Animal Welfare: Experiences from The Netherlands." Animals 9, no. 8: 483.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2019 in Animals
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In the 2000s, the idea of a so-called middle-segment arose in North-West Europe to address the criticism on intensive broiler production systems. Middle-segment systems being indoor housing of slower-growing broiler strains at a stocking density ≤38 kg/m2. Previous literature showed that Dutch middle-segment systems entail a relatively large gain in animal welfare at a relatively low increase in costs, i.e., have a high cost-efficiency. The question is to what extent these findings are applicable to other countries. Therefore, the aim of this study is to gain insight in the global prospects of middle-segment systems by exploring the cost-efficiency of these systems in other parts of the world. A set of representative countries, containing the Netherlands, United States and Brazil were selected. Cost-efficiency was defined as the ratio of the change in the level of animal welfare and the change in production costs. The level of animal welfare was measured by the Welfare Quality (WQ) index score. Data was collected from literature and consulting experts. Results show that in the Netherlands, United States and Brazil a change from conventional towards a middle-segment system improves animal welfare in a cost-efficient manner (the Netherlands 9.1, United States 24.2 and Brazil 12.1). Overall, it can be concluded that in general middle-segment production systems provide a considerable increase in animal welfare at a relatively small increase in production costs and therefore offer good prospects for a cost-efficient improvement of broiler welfare.

ACS Style

Luuk Vissers; Ingrid C. De Jong; Peter L.M. Van Horne; Helmut W. Saatkamp. Global Prospects of the Cost-Efficiency of Broiler Welfare in Middle-Segment Production Systems. Animals 2019, 9, 473 .

AMA Style

Luuk Vissers, Ingrid C. De Jong, Peter L.M. Van Horne, Helmut W. Saatkamp. Global Prospects of the Cost-Efficiency of Broiler Welfare in Middle-Segment Production Systems. Animals. 2019; 9 (7):473.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luuk Vissers; Ingrid C. De Jong; Peter L.M. Van Horne; Helmut W. Saatkamp. 2019. "Global Prospects of the Cost-Efficiency of Broiler Welfare in Middle-Segment Production Systems." Animals 9, no. 7: 473.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2018 in Genetics Selection Evolution
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Macroparasites, such as ticks, lice, and helminths, are a concern in livestock and aquaculture production, and can be controlled by genetic improvement of the host population. Genetic improvement should aim at reducing the rate at which parasites spread across the farmed population. This rate is determined by the basic reproduction ratio, i.e. $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 , which is the appropriate breeding goal trait. This study aims at providing a method to derive the economic value of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 . Costs of a disease are the sum of production losses and expenditures on disease control. Genetic improvement of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 lowers the loss-expenditure frontier. Its economic effect depends on whether the management strategy is optimized or not. The economic value may be derived either from the reduction in losses with constant expenditures or from the reduction in expenditures with constant losses. When $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 ≤ 1, the economic value of a further reduction is zero because there is no risk of a major epidemic. When $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 > 1 and management is optimized, the economic value increases with decreasing values of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 , because both the mean number of parasites per host and frequency of treatments decrease at an increasing rate when $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 decreases. When $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 > 1 and management is not optimized, the economic value depends on whether genetic improvement is used for reducing expenditures or losses. For sea lice in salmon, the economic value depends on a reduction in expenditures with constant losses, and is estimated to be 0.065€/unit $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 /kg production. Response to selection for measures of disease prevalence cannot be predicted from quantitative genetic theory alone. Moreover, many studies fail to address the issue of whether genetic improvement results in reduced losses or expenditures. Using $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 as the breeding goal trait, weighed by its appropriate economic value, avoids these issues. When management is optimized, the economic value increases with decreasing values of $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 (until the threshold of $${\text{R}}_{0} = 1$$ R 0 = 1 , where it drops to zero). When management is not optimized, the economic value depends on whether genetic improvement is used for reduced expenditures or production losses. For sea lice in salmon, the economic value is estimated to be 0.065 €/unit $${\text{R}}_{0}$$ R 0 /kg production.

ACS Style

Kasper Janssen; Hans Komen; Helmut W. Saatkamp; Mart C. M. De Jong; Piter Bijma. Derivation of the economic value of R0 for macroparasitic diseases and application to sea lice in salmon. Genetics Selection Evolution 2018, 50, 47 .

AMA Style

Kasper Janssen, Hans Komen, Helmut W. Saatkamp, Mart C. M. De Jong, Piter Bijma. Derivation of the economic value of R0 for macroparasitic diseases and application to sea lice in salmon. Genetics Selection Evolution. 2018; 50 (1):47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kasper Janssen; Hans Komen; Helmut W. Saatkamp; Mart C. M. De Jong; Piter Bijma. 2018. "Derivation of the economic value of R0 for macroparasitic diseases and application to sea lice in salmon." Genetics Selection Evolution 50, no. 1: 47.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2018 in NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences
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To analyze the market effects of HPAI control in the Dutch layer sector an integrated modelling approach was developed to simulate these effects. This approach included (1) an extensive epidemiological simulation, (2) farm level costs calculation and conversion, and (3) partial equilibrium (PE) modelling of the Dutch layer sector. Model structure and behavioural equations of the latter are described. The basis for the analysis of model behaviour were simulated HPAI epidemics which resulted in changes of stocks, i.e. shocks. These epidemics were simulated for different regions, control strategies and severity. Using the epidemiological input subsequently model behaviour was analyzed on the impacts of supply and demand shocks, trade bans and channeling restrictions. The results showed a remarkable impact of the pyramidal production chain structure on the market effects: culling of parent stock during the epidemic could result in an under-capacity of subsequent levels of the production chain with associated price effects. In some cases, restoring the starting situation could take 3 years. Moreover, different and sometimes conflicting market effects per chain level could be observed. Finally, the impact of demand shocks and the potential for channeling to industrial processing of eggs was observed. The results were discussed in view of conceptual validity and internal model verification, data validity and operational validity. It was concluded that this modelling approach provides a suitable basis for extensive analysis of market effects of HPAI epidemics.

ACS Style

N. Longworth; R.A. Jongeneel; H.W. Saatkamp. A vertically linked dynamic partial equilibrium model to analyze market shocks caused by HPAI control in the Dutch egg production chain. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 2018, 88, 112 -128.

AMA Style

N. Longworth, R.A. Jongeneel, H.W. Saatkamp. A vertically linked dynamic partial equilibrium model to analyze market shocks caused by HPAI control in the Dutch egg production chain. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences. 2018; 88 (1):112-128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. Longworth; R.A. Jongeneel; H.W. Saatkamp. 2018. "A vertically linked dynamic partial equilibrium model to analyze market shocks caused by HPAI control in the Dutch egg production chain." NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 88, no. 1: 112-128.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2018 in Genetics Selection Evolution
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Profitability of breeding programs is a key determinant in the adoption of selective breeding, and can be evaluated using cost-benefit analysis. There are many options to design breeding programs, with or without a multiplier tier. Our objectives were to evaluate different breeding program designs for aquaculture and to optimize the number of selection candidates for these programs. The baseline was based on an existing breeding program for gilthead seabream, where improvement of the nucleus had priority over improvement of the multiplier tier, which was partly replaced once every 3 years. Alternative breeding programs considered were annual multiplier tier replacement, annual multiplier tier replacement with priority on improvement of the multiplier tier, and a program without a multiplier tier. Cost-benefit analyses were performed to compare breeding programs. The outcomes were used to describe relationships between profitability and the number of selection candidates, length of the time horizon, and production output, and to estimate the optimum numbers of selection candidates. The baseline breeding program was profitable after 5 years and reached a net present value of 2.9 million euro in year 10. All alternative programs were more profitable up to year 17. The program without a multiplier tier was the most profitable one up to year 22, followed by the program with annual multiplier tier replacement and nucleus priority. The optimum number of selection candidates increased with the length of the time horizon and production output. The baseline breeding program was profitable after 5 years. For a short time horizon, putting priority on improvement of the multiplier tier over the nucleus is more profitable than putting priority on nucleus improvement, and vice versa for a long time horizon. Use of a multiplier tier increases the delay between costs made for selection and resulting benefits. Thus, avoiding the use of a multiplier tier will increase the profitability of the breeding program in the short term. The optimum number of selection candidates increases with the length of the time horizon and production output. Using too many selection candidates relative to the optimum leads to less reduction in profitability than using too few selection candidates.

ACS Style

Kasper Janssen; Helmut Saatkamp; Hans Komen. Cost-benefit analysis of aquaculture breeding programs. Genetics Selection Evolution 2018, 50, 2 .

AMA Style

Kasper Janssen, Helmut Saatkamp, Hans Komen. Cost-benefit analysis of aquaculture breeding programs. Genetics Selection Evolution. 2018; 50 (1):2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kasper Janssen; Helmut Saatkamp; Hans Komen. 2018. "Cost-benefit analysis of aquaculture breeding programs." Genetics Selection Evolution 50, no. 1: 2.

Preprint
Published: 28 September 2017
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EFFORT groupHaitske Graveland, Alieda van Essen, Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn, Gabriel Moyano, Pascal Sanders, Claire Chauvin, Julie David, Antonio Battisti, Andrea Caprioli, Jeroen Dewulf, Thomas Blaha, Katharina Wadepohl, Maximiliane Brandt, Dariusz Wasyl, Magdalena Skarzyñska, Magdalena Zajac, Hristo Daskalov, Helmut W Saatkamp, Katharina D.C. Stärk.AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria and associated human morbidity and mortality is increasing. Use of antimicrobials in livestock selects for AMR that can subsequently be transferred to humans. This flow of AMR between reservoirs demands surveillance in livestock as well as in humans. As part of the EFFORT project (www.effort-against-amr.eu), we have quantified and characterized the acquired resistance gene pools (resistomes) of 181 pig and 178 poultry farms from nine European countries, generating more than 5,000 gigabases of DNA sequence, using shotgun metagenomics. We quantified acquired AMR using the ResFinder database and a database constructed for this study, consisting of AMR genes identified through screening environmental DNA. The pig and poultry resistomes were very different in abundance and composition. There was a significant country effect on the resistomes, more so in pigs than poultry. We found higher AMR loads in pigs, while poultry resistomes were more diverse. We detected several recently described, critical AMR genes, including mcr-1 and optrA, the abundance of which differed both between host species and countries. We found that the total acquired AMR level, was associated with the overall country-specific antimicrobial usage in livestock and that countries with comparable usage patterns had similar resistomes. Novel, functionally-determined AMR genes were, however, not associated with total drug use.

ACS Style

Patrick Munk; Berith Elkær Knudsen; Oksana Lukjacenko; Ana Sofia Ribeiro Duarte; Roosmarjin E. C. Luiken; Liese Van Gompel; Lidwien A. M. Smit; Heike Schmitt; Alejandro Dorado Garcia; Rasmus Borup Hansen; Thomas Nordahl Petersen; Alex Bossers; Etienne Ruppe; Ole Lund; Hald Tine; Sunje Johanna Pamp; Håkan Vigre; Dick Heederik; Jaap A. Wagenaar; Dik Mevius; Frank Møller Aarestrup; Haitske Graveland; Alieda Van Essen; Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn; Gabriel Moyano; Pascal Sanders; Claire Chauvin; Julie David; Antonio Battisti; Andrea Caprioli; Jeroen Dewulf; Thomas Blaha; Katharina Wadepohl; Maximiliane Brandt; Dariusz Wasyl; Magdalena Skarzyńska; Magdalena Zając; Hristo Daskalov; Helmut W. Saatkamp; Katharina D. C. Stärk; Tine Hald. Abundance and diversity of the fecal resistome in slaughter pigs and broilers in nine European countries. 2017, 194647 .

AMA Style

Patrick Munk, Berith Elkær Knudsen, Oksana Lukjacenko, Ana Sofia Ribeiro Duarte, Roosmarjin E. C. Luiken, Liese Van Gompel, Lidwien A. M. Smit, Heike Schmitt, Alejandro Dorado Garcia, Rasmus Borup Hansen, Thomas Nordahl Petersen, Alex Bossers, Etienne Ruppe, Ole Lund, Hald Tine, Sunje Johanna Pamp, Håkan Vigre, Dick Heederik, Jaap A. Wagenaar, Dik Mevius, Frank Møller Aarestrup, Haitske Graveland, Alieda Van Essen, Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn, Gabriel Moyano, Pascal Sanders, Claire Chauvin, Julie David, Antonio Battisti, Andrea Caprioli, Jeroen Dewulf, Thomas Blaha, Katharina Wadepohl, Maximiliane Brandt, Dariusz Wasyl, Magdalena Skarzyńska, Magdalena Zając, Hristo Daskalov, Helmut W. Saatkamp, Katharina D. C. Stärk, Tine Hald. Abundance and diversity of the fecal resistome in slaughter pigs and broilers in nine European countries. . 2017; ():194647.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrick Munk; Berith Elkær Knudsen; Oksana Lukjacenko; Ana Sofia Ribeiro Duarte; Roosmarjin E. C. Luiken; Liese Van Gompel; Lidwien A. M. Smit; Heike Schmitt; Alejandro Dorado Garcia; Rasmus Borup Hansen; Thomas Nordahl Petersen; Alex Bossers; Etienne Ruppe; Ole Lund; Hald Tine; Sunje Johanna Pamp; Håkan Vigre; Dick Heederik; Jaap A. Wagenaar; Dik Mevius; Frank Møller Aarestrup; Haitske Graveland; Alieda Van Essen; Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn; Gabriel Moyano; Pascal Sanders; Claire Chauvin; Julie David; Antonio Battisti; Andrea Caprioli; Jeroen Dewulf; Thomas Blaha; Katharina Wadepohl; Maximiliane Brandt; Dariusz Wasyl; Magdalena Skarzyńska; Magdalena Zając; Hristo Daskalov; Helmut W. Saatkamp; Katharina D. C. Stärk; Tine Hald. 2017. "Abundance and diversity of the fecal resistome in slaughter pigs and broilers in nine European countries." , no. : 194647.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Livestock Science
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ACS Style

É. Gocsik; A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink; G. Voermans; H.W. Saatkamp. Economic feasibility of animal welfare improvements in Dutch intensive livestock production: A comparison between broiler, laying hen, and fattening pig sectors. Livestock Science 2015, 182, 38 -53.

AMA Style

É. Gocsik, A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink, G. Voermans, H.W. Saatkamp. Economic feasibility of animal welfare improvements in Dutch intensive livestock production: A comparison between broiler, laying hen, and fattening pig sectors. Livestock Science. 2015; 182 ():38-53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

É. Gocsik; A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink; G. Voermans; H.W. Saatkamp. 2015. "Economic feasibility of animal welfare improvements in Dutch intensive livestock production: A comparison between broiler, laying hen, and fattening pig sectors." Livestock Science 182, no. : 38-53.

Journal article
Published: 08 November 2014 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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A framework for categorization of economic impacts of outbreaks of highly contagious livestock diseases (HCLD) is presented. This framework interprets veterinary measures to control HCLD outbreaks with reference to economic definitions of costs and benefits, and the implications for value losses both for different stakeholders affected and society as a whole. Four cost categories are identified, that is virus control‐related direct costs (DC), spread prevention and zoning‐related direct consequential costs (DCC), market and price disruption‐related costs during (indirect consequential costs, ICC) and after the outbreak (aftermath costs, AC). The framework is used to review existing literature on cost estimation for different stakeholders. This review shows considerable differences between studies, making comparison of results difficult and susceptible to misunderstanding. It is concluded that the framework provides a logical basis for all future analyses of the economic impacts of HCLD.

ACS Style

H. W. Saatkamp; M. C. M. Mourits; K. S. Howe. A Framework for Categorization of the Economic Impacts of Outbreaks of Highly Contagious Livestock Diseases. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2014, 63, 422 -434.

AMA Style

H. W. Saatkamp, M. C. M. Mourits, K. S. Howe. A Framework for Categorization of the Economic Impacts of Outbreaks of Highly Contagious Livestock Diseases. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2014; 63 (4):422-434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. W. Saatkamp; M. C. M. Mourits; K. S. Howe. 2014. "A Framework for Categorization of the Economic Impacts of Outbreaks of Highly Contagious Livestock Diseases." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 63, no. 4: 422-434.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2014 in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
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ACS Style

G.E. Hop; M.C.M. Mourits; A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink; H.W. Saatkamp. Future structural developments in Dutch and German livestock production and implications for contagious livestock disease control. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2014, 82, 95 -114.

AMA Style

G.E. Hop, M.C.M. Mourits, A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink, H.W. Saatkamp. Future structural developments in Dutch and German livestock production and implications for contagious livestock disease control. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2014; 82 ():95-114.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G.E. Hop; M.C.M. Mourits; A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink; H.W. Saatkamp. 2014. "Future structural developments in Dutch and German livestock production and implications for contagious livestock disease control." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 82, no. : 95-114.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2013 in Poultry Science
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This study used a stochastic bioeconomic simulation model to simulate the business and financial risk of different broiler production systems over a 5-yr period. Simulation analysis was conducted using the @Risk add-in in MS Excel. To compare the impact of different production systems on economic feasibility, 2 cases were considered. The first case focused on the economic feasibility of a completely new system, whereas the second examined economic feasibilities when a farm switches from a conventional to an animal welfare-improving production system. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the key drivers of economic feasibility and to reveal systematic differences across production systems. The study shows that economic feasibility of systems with improved animal welfare predominantly depends on the price that farmers receive. Moreover, the study demonstrates the importance of the level and variation of the price premium for improved welfare, particularly in the first 5 yr after conversion. The economic feasibility of the production system increases with the level of welfare improvements for a sufficiently high price level for broiler meat and low volatility in producer prices. If this is not the case, however, risk attitudes of farmers become important as well as the use of potential risk management instruments.

ACS Style

É. Gocsik; Alfons Oude Lansink; H. W. Saatkamp. Mid-term financial impact of animal welfare improvements in Dutch broiler production. Poultry Science 2013, 92, 3314 -3329.

AMA Style

É. Gocsik, Alfons Oude Lansink, H. W. Saatkamp. Mid-term financial impact of animal welfare improvements in Dutch broiler production. Poultry Science. 2013; 92 (12):3314-3329.

Chicago/Turabian Style

É. Gocsik; Alfons Oude Lansink; H. W. Saatkamp. 2013. "Mid-term financial impact of animal welfare improvements in Dutch broiler production." Poultry Science 92, no. 12: 3314-3329.

Comparative study
Published: 03 December 2012 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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A combined epidemiological-economic modelling approach was used to analyse strategies for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) control for the Netherlands. The modelling framework used was InterSpread Plus (ISP), a spatially based, stochastic and dynamic simulation model. A total of eight control strategies were analysed, including pre-emptive depopulation and vaccination strategies. The analysis was carried out for three different regions in the Netherlands: high-, medium- and low-density areas (HDA, MDA and LDA, respectively). The analysis included the veterinary impact (e.g. number of infected premises and duration), but was particularly focused on the impact on direct costs (DC) and direct consequential costs. The efficient set of control strategies for HDA and MDA included strategies based on either pre-emptive depopulation only or combined vaccination and pre-emptive depopulation: D2 (pre-emptive depopulation within a radius of 2 km), RV3 + D1 (ring vaccination within a radius of 3 km and additional pre-emptive depopulation within a radius of 1 km) and PV + D1 (preventive vaccination in non-affected HDAs and pre-emptive depopulation within a radius of 1 km in the affected HDA). Although control solely based on depopulation in most cases showed to be effective for LDA, pre-emptive depopulation showed to have an additional advantage in these areas, that is, prevention of 'virus jumps' to other areas. The pros and cons of the efficient control strategies were discussed, for example, public perception and risk of export restrictions. It was concluded that for the Netherlands control of HPAI preferably should be carried out using strategies including pre-emptive depopulation with or without vaccination. Particularly, the short- and long-term implications on export, that is, indirect consequential costs (ICC) and aftermath costs of these strategies, should be analysed further.

ACS Style

N. Longworth; M. C. M. Mourits; H. W. Saatkamp. Economic Analysis of HPAI Control in the Netherlands II: Comparison of Control Strategies. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2012, 61, 217 -232.

AMA Style

N. Longworth, M. C. M. Mourits, H. W. Saatkamp. Economic Analysis of HPAI Control in the Netherlands II: Comparison of Control Strategies. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2012; 61 (3):217-232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N. Longworth; M. C. M. Mourits; H. W. Saatkamp. 2012. "Economic Analysis of HPAI Control in the Netherlands II: Comparison of Control Strategies." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 61, no. 3: 217-232.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2012 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Compared with the domestic trade in livestock, intra-communal trade across the European Union (EU) is subject to costly, additional veterinary measures. Short-distance transportation just across a border requires more measures than long-distance domestic transportation, while the need for such additional cross-border measures can be questioned. This study examined the prospects for cost reductions from relaxing additional cross-border measures related to trade within the cross-border region of the Netherlands (NL) and Germany (GER); that is, North Rhine Westphalia and Lower Saxony. The study constructed a deterministic spread-sheet cost model to calculate the costs of both routine veterinary measures (standard measures that apply to both domestic and cross-border transport) and additional cross-border measures (extra measures that only apply to cross-border transport) as applied in 2010. This model determined costs by stakeholder, region and livestock sector, and studied the prospects for cost reduction by calculating the costs after the relaxation of additional cross-border measures. The selection criteria for relaxing these measures were (1) a low expected added value on preventing contagious livestock diseases, (2) no expected additional veterinary risks in case of relaxation of measures and (3) reasonable cost-saving possibilities. The total cost of routine veterinary measures and additional cross-border measures for the cross-border region was €22.1 million, 58% (€12.7 million) of which came from additional cross-border measures. Two-thirds of this €12.7 million resulted from the trade in slaughter animals. The main cost items were veterinary checks on animals (twice in the case of slaughter animals), export certification and control of export documentation. Four additional cross-border measures met the selection criteria for relaxation. The relaxation of these measures could save €8.2 million (€5.0 million for NL and €3.2 million for GER) annually. Farmers would experience the greatest savings (99%), and most savings resulted from relaxing additional cross-border measures related to poultry (48%), mainly slaughter broilers (GER), and pigs (48%), mainly slaughter pigs (NL). In particular, the trade in slaughter animals (dead-end hosts) is subject to measures, such as veterinary checks on both sides of the border that might not contribute to preventing contagious livestock diseases. Therefore, this study concludes that there are several possibilities for reducing the costs of additional cross-border measures in both countries.

ACS Style

G.E. Hop; M.C.M. Mourits; R. Slager; A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink; H.W. Saatkamp. Prospects for cost reductions from relaxing additional cross-border measures related to livestock trade. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2012, 109, 278 -292.

AMA Style

G.E. Hop, M.C.M. Mourits, R. Slager, A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink, H.W. Saatkamp. Prospects for cost reductions from relaxing additional cross-border measures related to livestock trade. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2012; 109 (3):278-292.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G.E. Hop; M.C.M. Mourits; R. Slager; A.G.J.M. Oude Lansink; H.W. Saatkamp. 2012. "Prospects for cost reductions from relaxing additional cross-border measures related to livestock trade." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 109, no. 3: 278-292.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2012 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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Economic analysis of control strategies for contagious diseases is a necessity in the development of contingency plans. Economic impacts arising from epidemics such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) consist of direct costs (DC), direct consequential costs (DCC), indirect consequential costs (ICC) and aftermath costs (AC). Epidemiological models to support economic analysis need to provide adequate outputs for these critical economic parameters. Of particular importance for DCC, ICC and AC is the spatial production structure of a region. Spatial simulation models are therefore particularly suited for economic analysis; however, they often require a large number of parameters. The aims of this study are (i) to provide an economic rationale of epidemiological modelling in general, (ii) to provide a transparent description of the parameterization of a spatially based epidemiological model for the analysis of HPAI control in the Netherlands and (iii) to discuss the validity and usefulness of this model for subsequent economic analysis. In the model, HPAI virus transmission occurs via local spread and animal movements. Control mechanisms include surveillance and tracing, movement restrictions and depopulation. Sensitivity analysis of key parameters indicated that the epidemiological outputs with the largest influence on the economic impacts (i.e. epidemic duration and number of farms in the movement restriction zone) were more robust than less influential indicators (i.e. number of infected farms). Economically relevant outputs for strategy comparison were most sensitive to the relative role of the different transmission parameters. The default simulation and results of the sensitivity analysis were consistent with the general outcomes of known HPAI models. Comparison was, however, limited due to the absence of some economically relevant outputs. It was concluded that the model creates economically relevant, adequate and credible output for subsequent use in economic analysis. A detailed economic analysis is presented in a subsequent article.

ACS Style

N Longworth; M C M Mourits; H W Saatkamp. Economic analysis of HPAI control in the Netherlands I: epidemiological modelling to support economic analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2012, 61, 1 .

AMA Style

N Longworth, M C M Mourits, H W Saatkamp. Economic analysis of HPAI control in the Netherlands I: epidemiological modelling to support economic analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2012; 61 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N Longworth; M C M Mourits; H W Saatkamp. 2012. "Economic analysis of HPAI control in the Netherlands I: epidemiological modelling to support economic analysis." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 61, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2010 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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This study calculates the financial consequences of the bluetongue serotype 8 (BTV8) epidemics of 2006 and 2007 in the Netherlands. We constructed a deterministic economic model that is compatible with the Dutch livestock production systems for cattle, sheep and goats. Two hundred cattle farms and 270 sheep farms were infected with BTV8 in the epidemic of 2006, whereas 30,417 cattle farms, 45,022 sheep farms and 35,278 goat farms were estimated to be infected in the epidemic of 2007. The net costs (costs minus benefits) of the BTV8 epidemic of 2006 (BT2006) was estimated at 32.4 million Euros. The net costs of the BTV8 epidemic of 2007 (BT2007) was valued at 164–175 million Euros, depending on the mortality and morbidity rates for cattle used. The losses account for 2%, 10% and 11% of the gross value of the primary production within Dutch pasture-based livestock farming that equals 1.6 billion Euros. Control measures accounted for 91% of the net costs of the BT2006, while diagnostic costs represented 7%. By contrast, for the BT2007 92% of the net costs were in the form of production losses and veterinary treatment fees, while only 6% were related to control measures. Furthermore, the control costs dropped from 29,630 in BT2006 to 10,990 in BT2007 mainly due to the costly indoor housing that was not obligatory during the BT2007 epidemic. The cattle sector suffered 88% and 85% of the net costs for the BT2006 and BT2007, respectively; the highest of all sectors.

ACS Style

A.G.J. Velthuis; H.W. Saatkamp; M.C.M. Mourits; A.A. De Koeijer; A.R.W. Elbers. Financial consequences of the Dutch bluetongue serotype 8 epidemics of 2006 and 2007. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2010, 93, 294 -304.

AMA Style

A.G.J. Velthuis, H.W. Saatkamp, M.C.M. Mourits, A.A. De Koeijer, A.R.W. Elbers. Financial consequences of the Dutch bluetongue serotype 8 epidemics of 2006 and 2007. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2010; 93 (4):294-304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.G.J. Velthuis; H.W. Saatkamp; M.C.M. Mourits; A.A. De Koeijer; A.R.W. Elbers. 2010. "Financial consequences of the Dutch bluetongue serotype 8 epidemics of 2006 and 2007." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 93, no. 4: 294-304.