The objective of the present work is to evaluate the wind potential in the nearshore of the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, a comprehensive picture of the wind conditions is provided by considering 15-year of cumulative information coming from remotely sensed data and from two numerical models. These are provided by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Since most of the offshore wind turbines usually operate at about 80 m height, the initial wind conditions (reported at 10 m) were adjusted to this height and various wind parameters were evaluated. Besides these, the characteristics of the Vestas V90-3.0MW wind turbine were used to identify the efficiency of this type of generator in terms of operating capacity, rated capacity and capacity factor. From the analysis of these data, it can be noticed that more energetic wind conditions are encountered in the northern part of the basin (close to the Spain–France border and south of Greece) and also in the southern part of the sea (Tunisia sector). In the final part of the paper, based on satellite measurements, the wind conditions (monthly and seasonal) coresponding to some representative locations in the Mediterranean Sea were compared to those from several offshore locations where wind farms already operate.

This chapter means to explain the tribological behavior of polymer-based materials, to support a beneficial introducing of those materials in actual applications based on test campaigns and their results. Generally, the designers have to take into consideration a set of tribological parameters, not only one, including friction coefficient, wear, temperature in contact, contact durability related to application. Adding materials in polymers could improve especially wear with more than one order of magnitude, but when harder fillers are added (as glass beads, short fibers, minerals) the friction coefficient is slightly increased as compared to neat polymer. In this chapter, there are presented several research studies done by the authors, from which there is point out the importance of composite formulation based on experimental results. For instance, for PBT sliding on steel there was obtained a friction coefficient between 0.15 and 0.3, but for the composite with PBT + micro glass beads, the value of friction coefficient was greater. Adding a polymer playing the role of a solid lubricant (PTFE) in these composites and also only in PBT, decreased the friction coefficient till a maximum value of 0.25. The wear parameter, linear wear rate of the block (from block-on-ring tester) was reduced from 4.5 μm/(N⋅km) till bellow 1 μm/(N⋅km) for a dry sliding regime of 2.5…5 N, for all tested sliding velocities, for the composite PBT + 10% glass beads +10% PTFE, the most promising composite from this family of materials. This study emphasis the importance of polymer composite recipe and the test parameters. Also there are presented failure mechanisms within the tribolayer of polymer-based materials and their counterparts.

Purpose: – The paper aims to present results on the friction and the wear of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and eight commercially available composites with PTFE matrix, for tests done on shoe/roller tribotester with water lubrication in open circuit. There are pointed out particular tribological processes within the superficial layers of the composites with the help of optical microscopy.Design/methodology/approach: – Analysing the tribological behaviour of eight grades of PTFE composites sliding in water on shoe/roller tribotester.Findings: – Good results of wear behaviour under water lubrication for all the composites. PTFE exhibits severe wear under the tested regime.Originality/value: – The research could support PTFE composite application for water lubricated systems.

This paper presents the behavior of composite panels based on glass fiber unidirectional fabrics and a bi-component epoxy resin under ballistic impacts that characterize two threat levels: FB2 and FB3, according to EN 1523:2004. The tested panels had characteristics kept in narrow ranges: thickness 18.26 ± 0.22 mm, mass ratio fabrics/panel 0.788 ± 0.015, surface density 27.51 ± 0.26 kg/m². After testing the panels, the failure mechanisms of the panel were evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and photographs. Here the authors present a finite-element model at meso scale that was used for evaluating if the composite, initially tested at level FB2 (9 mm FMJ, v₀ = 375 m/s), could withstand the higher level of impact, FB3 (projectile type 0.357 Magnum and impact velocity of v₀ = 433 m/s). Simulation was performed in Explicit Dynamics (Ansys), keeping the same target but changing the projectile for the two different levels of threat. The results of the simulation were encouraging for making tests at level FB3, indicating the importance of alternating actual tests with simulations in order to achieve better protection with reduced surface weight. The simulation illustrated differences in impact duration and number of layers broken on the panel for each level. Validation of the model was based on the number of broken layers and the dimension of the delamination zone between the last two layers. Scanning electron microscopy was used for identifying failure mechanisms at the micro and meso scale. We found that damage to the composite was intensively dependent on impact velocity, this being quantitatively evaluated using the number of layers broken, the effect of delamination on separating layers and the deformation of the last layer.

This paper presents the influence of TiO 2 as additive in refined rapeseed oil in different massic concentration (0.25%wt, 0.50%wt and 1%wt) on the tribological parameters. Tests are done on a four-ball machine from the laboratory LubriTest, at "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati. The test parameters were load: 100 N, 200 N and 300 N and the rotational speed 1000 rpm, 1400 rpm and 1800 rpm. Particles of TiO 2 have an average size of 215 nm. The rapeseed oil was supplied by Prutul Galati. For the tested ranges of the parameters, the additivation of rapeseed oil with TiO 2 do not improve the friction coefficient and the wear rate of WSD. The additivation of rapeseed oil with TiO 2 is still less efficient for the tested ranges of load and speed as compared to the neat rapeseed oil, but there is visible that friction coefficient and analysed wear parameter are less influenced by the regime for the concentration of 1% TiO 2 in rapeseed oil.

This paper presents experimental results from three-point bending tests for a composite made of quadriaxial glass fiber fabrics and an epoxy resin. Two composites were tested, one with 8 layers and the other with 16 layers; both had the same matrix (the epoxy resin). Tests were carried out, using five different test rates from 10 mm/min to 1000 mm/min. The following parameters were recorded and calculated: Young’s modulus, flexural stress, flexural strain, energy, force, and all four for the first peak. The experimental data reveal no sensitivity for these materials based on the test rates, at least for the analyzed range; but, the characteristics for the thicker composite, with 16 layers of fabric, are slightly lower than those for the thinner composite, with 8 layers. The results pointed out that, for the same thickness of composite, certain characteristics, such as stress at the first peak, the flexural modulus, strain at the first peak, and energy at the first peak, are not sensitive to the test rate in the range 10–1000 mm/min. The energy at the first peak is double for the 16-layer composite compared to the 8-layer composite, but the specific energy (as energy on cross-sectional area) has close values: 103.47 kJ/m² for the 8-layer composite and 106.51 kJ/m² for the 16-layer composite. The results recommend this composite for applications in components with resistance to bending or for low-velocity impact protection.