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This study aims to investigate the impact of using untreated wastewater in irrigation. Different scenarios of management were applied by mixing it with treated wastewater or freshwater on groundwater quality. A hypothetical case study is presented. The numerical model of MODFLOW is used in the simulation by applying four stages (21 scenarios) including: different values of pumping rates, changing wastewater recharge rates, and a combination of the previous scenarios. Additionally, protection scenario for groundwater was applied by using different values of mixing of freshwater with wastewater. The simulation was carried out for the contamination of Chemical Oxygen Demand COD and the concentration reached 48.6 ppm at a depth of 25 m and 19.41 ppm at a depth of 50 m in the base case. The results showed a negative impact on groundwater quality had occurred due to increasing the pumping rates, wastewater recharge rates, and combination between two scenarios, which led to an increase of the contaminants in the aquifers. However, positive protection effects occurred due to mixing the wastewater with treated wastewater. The results of COD concentration in groundwater using treated wastewater reached 81.82, 77.88, 74.03, 70.12, and 66.15 ppm at a depth of 25 m and 53.53, 50.95, 48.43, 45.87, and 43.28 ppm at a depth of 50 m, at concentrations of 93, 88.52, 84.14, 79.7, and 75.19 ppm with constant pumping and recharge rates of 4320 m3/d and 547.5 mm/year, respectively. The using of treated wastewater could improve the groundwater quality to be used in the irrigation process and help to minimize groundwater contamination. Moreover, the abstraction of the groundwater should be optimized, and the qualities of wastewater should be constrained in agriculture to protect the groundwater quality.
Hany Abd-Elhamid; Shaimaa Abd-Elmoneem; Gamal Abdelaal; Martina Zeleňáková; Zuzana Vranayova; Ismail Abd-Elaty. Investigating and Managing the Impact of Using Untreated Wastewater for Irrigation on the Groundwater Quality in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7485 .
AMA StyleHany Abd-Elhamid, Shaimaa Abd-Elmoneem, Gamal Abdelaal, Martina Zeleňáková, Zuzana Vranayova, Ismail Abd-Elaty. Investigating and Managing the Impact of Using Untreated Wastewater for Irrigation on the Groundwater Quality in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7485.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHany Abd-Elhamid; Shaimaa Abd-Elmoneem; Gamal Abdelaal; Martina Zeleňáková; Zuzana Vranayova; Ismail Abd-Elaty. 2021. "Investigating and Managing the Impact of Using Untreated Wastewater for Irrigation on the Groundwater Quality in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7485.
Groundwater is considered to be an important water supply for domestics, industry, and irrigation in many areas of the world. Renewable groundwater is recharged by rainfall and seepage from canals and open drain networks. Agricultural and industrial drainage, as well as domestic drainage, represent the main discharges into open drains. Therefore, these drains are considered to be a source of recharge as well as a source of pollution. In this study, we aim to evaluate the impact of the Bahr El Baqar drain system on groundwater quality in the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. MODFLOW was used to create a numerical model to simulate groundwater flow in an aquifer and MT3DS was used to simulate solute transport from the open contaminated Bahr El Baqar drain to the groundwater. Two approaches were developed in the study area. The first approach was applied to investigate the impact of increasing the abstraction rates on the contaminant transport into the aquifer, the second approach was developed to identify the effect of lining the drain using different materials on contaminant extension in the aquifer to protect groundwater quality in the east Nile Delta Aquifer. The results showed that the TDS values increased by 18.23%, 23.29%, and 19.24% with increased abstraction rates of 15%, 34%, and 70%, resulting from population increases in 2010, 2025, and 2040, respectively; however, the TDS in the aquifer decreased from 0.6%, to 6.36%, 88.35%, and 90.47% by using lining materials.
Ismail Abd-Elaty; Abdelrahman Said; Gamal Abdelaal; Martina Zeleňáková; Jan Jandora; Hany Abd-Elhamid. Assessing the Impact of Lining Polluted Streams on Groundwater Quality: A Case Study of the Eastern Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt. Water 2021, 13, 1705 .
AMA StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty, Abdelrahman Said, Gamal Abdelaal, Martina Zeleňáková, Jan Jandora, Hany Abd-Elhamid. Assessing the Impact of Lining Polluted Streams on Groundwater Quality: A Case Study of the Eastern Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt. Water. 2021; 13 (12):1705.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty; Abdelrahman Said; Gamal Abdelaal; Martina Zeleňáková; Jan Jandora; Hany Abd-Elhamid. 2021. "Assessing the Impact of Lining Polluted Streams on Groundwater Quality: A Case Study of the Eastern Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt." Water 13, no. 12: 1705.
Saltwater intrusion (SWI) is a type of pollution that adversely affects the quality of groundwater in coastal aquifers. The Nile Delta aquifer (NDA) in Egypt contains a large amount of freshwater. Increasing abstraction from the aquifer and sea level rise have led to an increase in SWI, which has reached up to 100 km inland. Therefore, practical measures are required to prevent further SWI. This study aims to identify an optimal well system to manage the intrusion of saline water in NDA using a number of management systems, including pumping of brackish water, aquifer recharge, and abstraction of the freshwater. SEAWAT code is used to simulate SWI in the aquifer considering different scenarios of pumping and sea level rise. Four scenarios are used to control SWI, including: decreasing pumping from the aquifer, increasing recharge using treated waste water, increasing abstraction of brackish water for desalination, and a combination of these systems. The results showed that increasing recharge could lead to greater retardation of SWI (19.5%) than decreasing pumping (6.2%) and abstraction of brackish water (5.9%). However, a combined well system of pumping, recharge and abstraction is shown to be a more effective tool to control SWI in coastal aquifers, with retardation percentage of 21.3%.
Ismail Abd-Elaty; Akbar A. Javadi; Hany Abd-Elhamid. Management of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers using different wells systems: a case study of the Nile Delta aquifer in Egypt. Hydrogeology Journal 2021, 1 -17.
AMA StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty, Akbar A. Javadi, Hany Abd-Elhamid. Management of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers using different wells systems: a case study of the Nile Delta aquifer in Egypt. Hydrogeology Journal. 2021; ():1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty; Akbar A. Javadi; Hany Abd-Elhamid. 2021. "Management of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers using different wells systems: a case study of the Nile Delta aquifer in Egypt." Hydrogeology Journal , no. : 1-17.
Groundwater contamination due to saltwater intrusion (SWI) has an extreme effect on freshwater quality. Analytical and numerical models could be used to investigate SWI. This study aims to develop an analytical solution to investigate SWI into coastal aquifers which was applied to a real case study at the Middle Nile Delta aquifer (MNDA). The study presented a new formula to predict the difference in depth of freshwater to seawater interface due to a change in boundary conditions. A Computer Program for Simulation of Three-Dimensional Variable-Density Ground-Water Flow and Transport (SEAWAT) is used for groundwater flow simulation and SWI and the results compared with the developed analytical solution. Four scenarios are considered in the study, including; the sea-level rise (SLR), reduction in recharge, over abstraction, and combination after 50 years (2070). The analytical solution gave good results compared to the numerical one where Equiline 1 intruded to 103 and 101.66 km respectively at the base case. The results also gave a good agreement between numerical and the analytical solution for SLR due to climate changes by 52.80 cm where the Equiline 1 reached to 105 and 103.45 km. However, the reduction in aquifer recharge by 18.50% resulted in an intrusion for the Equiline-1 to 111 and 108.25 km from the shoreline. Over pumping due to the increase in population by 89% has increased the SWI to reach 121,110.31 km, while it reached 131 and 111.32 km at a combination of the three scenarios, which represents the highest threatening scenario. Also, the difference between the two solutions reached 1.30%, 1.48%, 2.48%, 8.84%, and 15.02%, respectively for the base case and four scenarios. For the current case study, the analytical model gave good results compared to the numerical one, so that the analytical solution is recommended for similar studies, which could save the time and capabilities of computer required for the numerical solutions.
Ismail Abd-Elaty; Martina Zeleňáková; Katarína Krajníková; Hany Abd-Elhamid. Analytical Solution of Saltwater Intrusion in Costal Aquifers Considering Climate Changes and Different Boundary Conditions. Water 2021, 13, 995 .
AMA StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty, Martina Zeleňáková, Katarína Krajníková, Hany Abd-Elhamid. Analytical Solution of Saltwater Intrusion in Costal Aquifers Considering Climate Changes and Different Boundary Conditions. Water. 2021; 13 (7):995.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty; Martina Zeleňáková; Katarína Krajníková; Hany Abd-Elhamid. 2021. "Analytical Solution of Saltwater Intrusion in Costal Aquifers Considering Climate Changes and Different Boundary Conditions." Water 13, no. 7: 995.
Open drains are drainage system collecting wastewater containing various contaminants such as agricultural fertilizers, chemicals, and heavy materials. Unconfined aquifers are exposed to seepage from the polluted drains. This study aims to assess the effect of drain geometry on the extension of contaminants into the unconfined aquifer. Three cases of changing drain geometry are applied, including the bottom width (B), the depth (Y), and the bed slope (S). Visual MODFLOW is used to assess these changes and applied to a case study to simulate the contaminant extension in an unconfined aquifer. The results showed that increasing the bottom width has significantly affected the extension of contaminate (XT) into the aquifer more than the depth for the same-cross section area. The results showed that the contamination extension is directly proportionally with hydraulic radius and inversely with bed slope and wetted perimeter. Increasing the drain geometry of bottom width and depth by 25, 50, 75, and 100% increased the contamination extension to 28%, 44%, 57%, and 65% when the bottom width increased while increased to 9%, 25%, 32%, and 40% with increasing depth. Also, the results indicated that increasing the longitudinal slope decreased the contamination due to the increase in velocity. Moreover, increasing the bed slope by 25, 50, 75, and 100% decreased the contamination extension by 3%, 14%, 20%, and 31%. The study recommended that the design of deep and steep drains is more effective than the shallow one because it decreases the extension of contaminants to groundwater aquifers.
Hany F. Abd-Elhamid; Abdelrahman M. Said; Gamal M. Abdelaal; Ismail Abd-Elaty. Impact of polluted open-drain geometry on groundwater contaminant in unconfined aquifers. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2021, 14, 1 -12.
AMA StyleHany F. Abd-Elhamid, Abdelrahman M. Said, Gamal M. Abdelaal, Ismail Abd-Elaty. Impact of polluted open-drain geometry on groundwater contaminant in unconfined aquifers. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2021; 14 (6):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHany F. Abd-Elhamid; Abdelrahman M. Said; Gamal M. Abdelaal; Ismail Abd-Elaty. 2021. "Impact of polluted open-drain geometry on groundwater contaminant in unconfined aquifers." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14, no. 6: 1-12.
Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in the Nile Delta. Unfortunately, it might be polluted by seepage from polluted streams. This study was carried out to investigate the possible measures to protect groundwater in the Nile delta aquifer using a numerical model (MT3DMS - Mass Transport 3-Dimension Multi-Species). The sources of groundwater contamination were identified and the total dissolved solids (TDS) was taken as an indicator for the contamination. Different strategies were investigated for mitigating the impact of polluted water: i) allocating polluted drains and canals in lower permeability layers; ii) installing cut-off walls in the polluted drains, and finally, iii) using lining materials in polluted drains and canals. Results indicated these measures effective to mitigate the groundwater pollution. In particular, the cut-off wall was effective for contamination reduction in shallow aquifers, whereas it had no effect in the deep aquifer, while lining materials in polluted drains and canals were able to prevent contamination and to protect the freshwater in the aquifers. It is worth mentioning that this study was partially supported by a bilateral project between ASRT (Egypt) and CNR (Italy).
Ismail Abd-Elaty; Martina Zelenakova; Salvatore Straface; Zuzana Vranayová; Mohamed Abu-Hashim; Abdelazim Negm; Andrea Scozzari. Investigating the possible measure to protect groundwater from polluted streams in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: the Eastern Nile Delta case study. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty, Martina Zelenakova, Salvatore Straface, Zuzana Vranayová, Mohamed Abu-Hashim, Abdelazim Negm, Andrea Scozzari. Investigating the possible measure to protect groundwater from polluted streams in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: the Eastern Nile Delta case study. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty; Martina Zelenakova; Salvatore Straface; Zuzana Vranayová; Mohamed Abu-Hashim; Abdelazim Negm; Andrea Scozzari. 2021. "Investigating the possible measure to protect groundwater from polluted streams in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: the Eastern Nile Delta case study." , no. : 1.
Changes in riverine hydrography and reduced aquifer recharge due to projected climate changes in arid and semi-arid regions are the main issues of water supply, especially in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Continuous degradation results from reduced Nile water flow, poor management of groundwater extraction, and human activities throughout the Nile’s course and drainage channels. Contamination of this water with heavy metals and dissolved organic solids reduces the quality of this water, which increases the price of treatment. River Bank Filtration (RBF) is a water treatment technology used for improving the quality of drinking water taken from polluted rivers where abstraction wells are installed on the banks. This study was applied to the RBF site at Embaba, Nile Delta, Egypt using the numerical code MT3D. The study was simulated and calibrated for the current situation and number of scenarios to investigate the effect of climatic changes on RBF sustainability. Four scenarios were simulated to identify and estimate the RBF portion and the total water travel time from the river to the wells. The first scenario involves a reduction in river stages, the second a decrease in aquifer recharge, the third a combination of the first two scenarios, and the fourth scenario combines scenarios 1, 2, and 3. The results indicate that the RBF portion decreased from 67.42% in the base case to 35.46% and 64.99% with a reduction in river stage by 75% from the base case and a decrease in aquifer recharge from 182.50 (base case) to 50 mm per year, respectively. Moreover, the RBF portion increased to reach 87.75% with a reduction in the General Head Boundary of 75% from the base case, while the combination of the three scenarios decreased the RBF portion to 67.24%. Finally, the water supply systems in arid and semi-arid regions should be extended by installing and operating RBF facilities to manage the negative effects of climatic change through reduction in river stages and aquifer recharge, and increasing abstraction due to overpopulation.
Ismail Abd-Elaty; Hala Ghanayem; Martina Zeleňáková; Peter Mésároš; Osama Saleh. Numerical Investigation for Riverbank Filtration Sustainability Considering Climatic Changes in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions; Case Study of RBF Site at Embaba, Nile Delta, Egypt. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1897 .
AMA StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty, Hala Ghanayem, Martina Zeleňáková, Peter Mésároš, Osama Saleh. Numerical Investigation for Riverbank Filtration Sustainability Considering Climatic Changes in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions; Case Study of RBF Site at Embaba, Nile Delta, Egypt. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1897.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty; Hala Ghanayem; Martina Zeleňáková; Peter Mésároš; Osama Saleh. 2021. "Numerical Investigation for Riverbank Filtration Sustainability Considering Climatic Changes in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions; Case Study of RBF Site at Embaba, Nile Delta, Egypt." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1897.
Intensive agriculture requires increasing application of fertilizers in order to sustain food production. Improper use of these substances in combination with increasing seawater intrusion results in long-term and nonpoint soil and groundwater contamination. In this work, a 3-D groundwater and solute transport numerical model was created to simulate the effect of excessive fertilizers application along the Bahr El Baqar drain system, in the eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. The geotechnical properties of the soils, hydrologic parameters, and unconfined compressive strength were determined at different sites and used as input parameters for the model. Model results showed that silty clay soils are able to contain the contaminations and preserve the groundwater quality. Nevertheless, sandy soils primarily located at the beginning of the Bahr El Baqar drain allow leakage of fertilizers to the groundwater. Thus, fertilizer application should be properly managed in the top sandy layers to protect the groundwater and soil, as increasing aquifer by excess irrigation water increased the groundwater contamination in confined layers due to the high value of cumulative salt for the current situation while the unconfined zone decreased groundwater and soil contamination. A mass transport 3-D multi-species (MT3D) model was set to identify the optimal measure to tackle soil and groundwater contamination along the Bahr El-Baqar drain system. A potential increase of the abstraction rates in the study area has a positive impact in reducing the transfer of fertilizer contamination to groundwater while it has a negative impact for soil contamination. The scenario analysis further indicated that the installation of a drainage network decreases the groundwater and soil contamination. Both solutions are potentially effective for protection against nonpoint contamination along the Bahr El Baqar drain system. However, a more sustainable management approach of fertilizer application is needed to adequately protect the receptors located further downstream in the Nile Delta.
Ismail Abd-Elaty; Lorenzo Pugliese; Martina Zelenakova; Peter Mesaros; Abdelaziz El Shinawi. Simulation-Based Solutions Reducing Soil and Groundwater Contamination from Fertilizers in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Case Study the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 9373 .
AMA StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty, Lorenzo Pugliese, Martina Zelenakova, Peter Mesaros, Abdelaziz El Shinawi. Simulation-Based Solutions Reducing Soil and Groundwater Contamination from Fertilizers in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Case Study the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (24):9373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty; Lorenzo Pugliese; Martina Zelenakova; Peter Mesaros; Abdelaziz El Shinawi. 2020. "Simulation-Based Solutions Reducing Soil and Groundwater Contamination from Fertilizers in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Case Study the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9373.
Saltwater intrusion (SWI) is a physical problem that threatens many coastal aquifers all over the world. Saltwater intrusion is increasing with abstraction and rise in sea level. Coastal aquifer protection is essential to protect groundwater resources in these areas. A number of methods have been developed to protect coastal aquifers from SWI. This paper presents the impact of sea level rise on SWI in coastal aquifers and application of coastal earth fill as a new technique to control SWI. Different future sea level rise scenarios were studied and different coastal earth fill with an appropriate soil to extend the coastline towards the sea in order to control SWI was studied using SEAWAT model. The proposed control measure is numerically assessed by Henry's problem and then applied to a real case study of Biscayne aquifer, Florida, USA. For each aquifer, the corresponding relation was developed between the intrusion length of saltwater wedge and the width of fill. The results showed that increasing the fill width resulted in decreasing the intrusion length. In the case of Biscayne aquifer, increasing the fill width by 10, 20, 30, and 40% of the aquifer length resulted in retarding the intrusion to 329, 192, 42, and - 48 m respectively. Using 150- and 300-m fill widths retards the intrusion length by 32.3% and 60.5%. In addition, increasing the fill width to 465 m can retard SWI by 91.3%. This approach is capable to control the future risks of SWI and sea level rise.
Hany F. Abd-Elhamid; Ismail Abd-Elaty; Mohammed S. Hussain. Mitigation of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers using coastal earth fill considering future sea level rise. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 23234 -23245.
AMA StyleHany F. Abd-Elhamid, Ismail Abd-Elaty, Mohammed S. Hussain. Mitigation of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers using coastal earth fill considering future sea level rise. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (18):23234-23245.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHany F. Abd-Elhamid; Ismail Abd-Elaty; Mohammed S. Hussain. 2020. "Mitigation of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers using coastal earth fill considering future sea level rise." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 18: 23234-23245.
The quality of groundwater resources in coastal aquifers is affected by saltwater intrusion. Over-abstraction of groundwater and seawater level rise due to climate change accelerate the intrusion process. This paper investigates the effects of aquifer bed slope and seaside slope on saltwater intrusion. The possible impacts of increasing seawater head due to sea level rise and decreasing groundwater level due to over-pumping and reduction in recharge are also investigated. A numerical model (SEAWAT) is applied to well-known Henry problem to assess the movement of the dispersion zone under different settings of bed and seaside slopes. The results showed that increasing seaside slope increased the intrusion of saltwater by 53.2% and 117% for slopes of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively. Increasing the bed slope toward the land decreased the intrusion length by 2% and 4.8%, respectively. On the other hand, increasing the bed slope toward the seaside increased the intrusion length by 3.6% and 6.4% for bed slopes of 20:1 and 10:1, respectively. The impacts of reducing the groundwater level at the land side and increasing the seawater level at the shoreline by 5% and 10% considering different slopes are studied. The intrusion length increased under both conditions. Unlike Henry problem, the current investigation considers inclined beds and sea boundaries and, hence, provides a better representation of the field conditions.
Hany F. Abd-Elhamid; Ismail Abd-Elaty; Mohsen M. Sherif. Effects of Aquifer Bed Slope and Sea Level on Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers. Hydrology 2019, 7, 5 .
AMA StyleHany F. Abd-Elhamid, Ismail Abd-Elaty, Mohsen M. Sherif. Effects of Aquifer Bed Slope and Sea Level on Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers. Hydrology. 2019; 7 (1):5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHany F. Abd-Elhamid; Ismail Abd-Elaty; Mohsen M. Sherif. 2019. "Effects of Aquifer Bed Slope and Sea Level on Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers." Hydrology 7, no. 1: 5.
Saltwater intrusion (SWI) increases salinity of aquifers and depletion of groundwater resources in coastal aquifers. Different methods have been used to control SWI in the coastal aquifers in order to protect groundwater. In this paper, applicability of physical subsurface barriers (PSB) methods to control SWI in the Biscayne aquifer in Florida, USA, is studied. Numerical models have been developed to study and compare performance of two types of the PSB namely cutoff wall and subsurface dam for SWI control. The developed numerical models have been verified through simulation of benchmark examples and then have been used to simulate a semi-hypothetical case study relying on hydrogeological data measured in the Biscayne aquifer. Different scenarios of barriers depths, locations, and permeability have been analyzed. The results indicated that the PSB can effectively control the intrusion of saline into coastal aquifers. However, cutoff wall gave higher retardation than sub-surface dams.
Ismail Abd-Elaty; Hany F. Abd-Elhamid; Mohaddeseh M. Nezhad. Numerical analysis of physical barriers systems efficiency in controlling saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 26, 35882 -35899.
AMA StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty, Hany F. Abd-Elhamid, Mohaddeseh M. Nezhad. Numerical analysis of physical barriers systems efficiency in controlling saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 26 (35):35882-35899.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty; Hany F. Abd-Elhamid; Mohaddeseh M. Nezhad. 2019. "Numerical analysis of physical barriers systems efficiency in controlling saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 35: 35882-35899.
Stability of canals slopes are of paramount importance in engineering works due to its interaction with the infrastructure including roads networks and buildings. The failure of these slopes could cause human disaster, catastrophic environmental, and economic losses. The present study aims to investigate the stability of canals slopes considering the climate changes through sea level rise, fluctuation of groundwater level and the seismic actions. The study was simulated on the North Eastern part of Nile Delta aquifer, Egypt using the finite difference code of Visual MODFLOW. Moreover, the groundwater flow under the effect of sea level rise was investigated to study its effect on slope stability of El-Salam Canal, Egypt. Furthermore, the finite element program of Phase 2 was implemented, and safety factors were calculated using the shear strength reduction method (SSRM). The models are calibrated and verified through experimental work using permeability and seepage model. Moreover, the two models were applied on El-Salam Canal considering three scenarios to identify the safety factors including the effect of sea level rise (SLR), earthquake acceleration and a combination of the two scenarios. The results indicated that dynamic response values of the canal slope have different variation rules under near and far field earthquakes. Finally, the damage location and pattern of the slope failure are different in varying groundwater conditions.
Ismail Abd-Elaty; Hazem Eldeeb; Zuzana Vranayova; Martina Zelenakova. Stability of Irrigation Canal Slopes Considering the Sea Level Rise and Dynamic Changes: Case Study El-Salam Canal, Egypt. Water 2019, 11, 1046 .
AMA StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty, Hazem Eldeeb, Zuzana Vranayova, Martina Zelenakova. Stability of Irrigation Canal Slopes Considering the Sea Level Rise and Dynamic Changes: Case Study El-Salam Canal, Egypt. Water. 2019; 11 (5):1046.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty; Hazem Eldeeb; Zuzana Vranayova; Martina Zelenakova. 2019. "Stability of Irrigation Canal Slopes Considering the Sea Level Rise and Dynamic Changes: Case Study El-Salam Canal, Egypt." Water 11, no. 5: 1046.
Groundwater is considered the main source of water in many coastal areas. The increase of water demands increases the abstraction from aquifers which has resulted in lowering water tables and caused saltwater intrusion. Coastal aquifers lie within some of the most intensively exploited areas of the world. Saltwater intrusion is one of the main causes of groundwater quality degradation and a major challenge in the management of groundwater resources in coastal regions. Saltwater intrusion causes an increase of salt concentration in groundwater which places limitations on its uses. Excessive pumping always leads to a dramatic increase in saltwater intrusion. In coastal aquifers, the hydraulic gradient exists towards the sea which leads to flow of the excess freshwater to the sea. Seawater intrusion is a special category of groundwater contamination that threatens the health and possibly lives of the people living in coastal areas. The problems of saltwater intrusion into groundwater had become a considerable concern in many countries particularly in coastal areas. Seawater intrusion leads to the depletion of groundwater resources and should be prevented or controlled to protect water resources in coastal regions. The intrusion of saltwater in coastal aquifers has been investigated by several methods including geophysical methods, geochemical methods, experimental studies and mathematical models. This chapter presents a brief history of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. The Nile Delta aquifer is one of the largest underground freshwater reservoirs in the world that attacked by saltwater intrusion. Large amounts of freshwater were damaged by salinization. Extensive studies were carried out to investigate saltwater intrusion in Nile Delta aquifer using numerical and field studies. Most of these investigations revealed that the seawater intrusion in the Nile Delta aquifer has extended to a distance of more than 100 km from the Mediterranean coast. The effect of climatic changes including the rise in the sea level has a significant effect on the position of the transition zone, and the groundwater quality would deteriorate in large areas of the Nile Delta aquifer.
Ismail Abd-Elaty; Hany F. Abd-Elhamid; AbdelAzim M. Negm. Investigation of Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2018, 329 -353.
AMA StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty, Hany F. Abd-Elhamid, AbdelAzim M. Negm. Investigation of Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2018; ():329-353.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmail Abd-Elaty; Hany F. Abd-Elhamid; AbdelAzim M. Negm. 2018. "Investigation of Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers." The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , no. : 329-353.