Herein, the amino-capped TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized using tetrabutyl titanate and amino polymers by a two-step sol-gel and hydrothermal method technique for the fabrication of functional cotton fabric. The prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles and the treated cotton fabric were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microcopy (FE-SEM) photocatalytic and antibacterial measurement. The results indicate the typical characteristic anatase form of the amino-capped TiO₂ NPs with an average crystallite size of 14.9 nm. The treated cotton fabrics exhibit excellent antibacterial property and good photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue.

In this study, amino hyperbranched polymers (HBP)-grafted polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber was prepared through an amidation reaction in an autoclave. The prepared PAN-G-HBP fiber can complex Ag⁺ through amino groups of amino HBP, and in a hot steaming condition, Ag⁺ can be converted to Ag0 through the reducibility of HBP. PAN-G-HBP and Ag nanoparticles (NPs)-coated fibers were then characterized through FTIR, UV–VIS DRS, FE-SEM, EDS, XPS and antibacterial measurement. FTIR results confirmed HBP was grafted on the surface of PAN fiber. FE-SEM showed that after grafting with HBP, the average diameter of PAN fibers was amplified. EDS, XPS, and UV–VIS DRS method indicated that under hot steaming condition and with the reducibility of HBP, Ag NPs uniform coating on the PAN-G-HBP. Ag NPs-coated fibers exhibits excellent antibacterial property against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Even under 20 times home washing conditions, the antibacterial reduction of Ag NPs-coated PAN fiber can achieved more than 98.94%.

Bionic synthesis technology has made significant breakthroughs in porous functional materials by replicating and optimizing biological structures. For instance, biomimetic titanium dioxide-coated carbon multilayer materials, prepared via biological templating, exhibit a hierarchical structure, abundant nanopores, and synergistic effects. Bionic mineralization further enhances microcapsules by forming a secondary inorganic wall, granting them superior impermeability, high elastic modulus, and hardness. Through techniques like molecular self-assembly, electrospinning, and pressure-driven fusion, researchers have successfully fabricated centimeter-scale artificial lamellar bones without synthetic polymers. In environmental applications, electrospun membranes inspired by lotus leaves and bird bones achieve 99.94% separation efficiency for n-hexane–water mixtures, retaining nearly 99% efficiency after 20 cycles. For energy applications, an all-ceramic silica nanofiber aerogel with a bionic blind bristle structure demonstrates ultralow thermal conductivity (0.0232–0.0643 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹) across a broad temperature range (−50 to 800 °C). This review highlights the preparation methods and recent advances in biomimetic porous materials for practical applications.

Vascular transplantation is a widely employed surgical approach for treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, artificial vascular grafts exhibit high thrombogenicity. Consequently, developing grafts with enhanced antithrombotic properties represents a critical strategy for addressing CVD-related complications. In this study, double-layered vascular grafts were fabricated via electrospinning, featuring a polycaprolactone (PCL)/zwitterionic polyurethane (sulfobetaine polyurethane [SBPU]) inner layer and a pure PCL outer layer, followed by covalent heparin modification. Fiber surface morphology and chemical composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Evaluations included contact angle measurement, mechanical testing, protein/platelet adsorption assays, cytotoxicity assessment, and degradation analysis to determine antithrombotic performance and biocompatibility. Results demonstrated that heparin-modified PCL containing 20 wt% SBPU (PCLH/SBPU20) exhibited exceptional hydrophilicity, potent antithrombotic effects, superior anti-protein adsorption, favorable anticoagulant properties, and non-cytotoxicity. Among all samples, PCLH/SBPU20 demonstrated optimal comprehensive performance, positioning it as a promising candidate for clinical vascular graft applications.

Recoverable photocatalysts with broad optical response are of interest for practical water treatment. A 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (THPP)/TiO₂/Ag composite was prepared hydrothermally and immobilized on activated carbon fiber (ACF) aerogel by silane-assisted dip coating. The design combined potential THPP photosensitization and Ag-mediated interfacial effects with TiO₂ photocatalytic sites and an adsorptive, recoverable ACF support. Structural and spectroscopic characterization supported incorporation of the components and changes in optical response and emission behavior. Overall apparent methylene blue removal reached 88.7% under UV irradiation and 88.0% under xenon-lamp irradiation. The concentration profiles were approximately fitted using an apparent pseudo-first-order model. Increasing the number of immersion cycles did not further improve the photocatalytic performance. These results demonstrate adsorption-assisted dye removal using an immobilized multiphase composite. The proposed charge-transfer pathway is presented as a mechanistic interpretation rather than a directly established electronic configuration.