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Anna-Kaisa Viitanen
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), P.O. Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland

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Journal article
Published: 02 July 2021 in NanoImpact
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The coming years are expected to bring rapid changes in the nanotechnology regulatory landscape, with the establishment of a new framework for nano-risk governance, in silico approaches for characterisation and risk assessment of nanomaterials, and novel procedures for the early identification and management of nanomaterial risks. In this context, Safe(r)-by-Design (SbD) emerges as a powerful preventive approach to support the development of safe and sustainable (SSbD) nanotechnology-based products and processes throughout the life cycle. This paper summarises the work undertaken to develop a blueprint for the deployment and operation of a permanent European Centre of collaborating laboratories and research organisations supporting safe innovation in nanotechnologies. The proposed entity, referred to as “the Centre”, will establish a ‘one-stop shop’ for nanosafety-related services and a central contact point for addressing stakeholder questions about nanosafety. Its operation will rely on significant business, legal and market knowledge, as well as other tools developed and acquired through the EU-funded EC4SafeNano project and subsequent ongoing activities. The proposed blueprint adopts a demand-driven service update scheme to allow the necessary vigilance and flexibility to identify opportunities and adjust its activities and services in the rapidly evolving regulatory and nano risk governance landscape. The proposed Centre will play a major role as a conduit to transfer scientific knowledge between the research and commercial laboratories or consultants able to provide high quality nanosafety services, and the end-users of such services (e.g., industry, SMEs, consultancy firms, and regulatory authorities). The Centre will harmonise service provision, and bring novel risk assessment and management approaches, e.g. in silico methodologies, closer to practice, notably through SbD/SSbD, and decisively support safe and sustainable innovation of industrial production in the nanotechnology industry according to the European Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability.

ACS Style

Effie Marcoulaki; Jesús M. López de Ipiña; Sven Vercauteren; Jacques Bouillard; Martin Himly; Iseult Lynch; Hilda Witters; Neeraj Shandilya; Birgit van Duuren-Stuurman; Valentin Kunz; Wolfgang E.S. Unger; Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba; Delphine Bard; Gareth Evans; Keld Alstrup Jensen; Marika Pilou; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Anthony Bochon; Albert Duschl; Mark Geppert; Karin Persson; Ian Cotgreave; Petru Niga; Maria Gini; Konstantinos Eleftheriadis; Simona Scalbi; Bastien Caillard; Alfonso Arevalillo; Emeric Frejafon; Olivier Aguerre-Chariol; Valeria Dulio. Blueprint for a self-sustained European Centre for service provision in safe and sustainable innovation for nanotechnology. NanoImpact 2021, 23, 100337 .

AMA Style

Effie Marcoulaki, Jesús M. López de Ipiña, Sven Vercauteren, Jacques Bouillard, Martin Himly, Iseult Lynch, Hilda Witters, Neeraj Shandilya, Birgit van Duuren-Stuurman, Valentin Kunz, Wolfgang E.S. Unger, Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba, Delphine Bard, Gareth Evans, Keld Alstrup Jensen, Marika Pilou, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Anthony Bochon, Albert Duschl, Mark Geppert, Karin Persson, Ian Cotgreave, Petru Niga, Maria Gini, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Simona Scalbi, Bastien Caillard, Alfonso Arevalillo, Emeric Frejafon, Olivier Aguerre-Chariol, Valeria Dulio. Blueprint for a self-sustained European Centre for service provision in safe and sustainable innovation for nanotechnology. NanoImpact. 2021; 23 ():100337.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Effie Marcoulaki; Jesús M. López de Ipiña; Sven Vercauteren; Jacques Bouillard; Martin Himly; Iseult Lynch; Hilda Witters; Neeraj Shandilya; Birgit van Duuren-Stuurman; Valentin Kunz; Wolfgang E.S. Unger; Vasile-Dan Hodoroaba; Delphine Bard; Gareth Evans; Keld Alstrup Jensen; Marika Pilou; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Anthony Bochon; Albert Duschl; Mark Geppert; Karin Persson; Ian Cotgreave; Petru Niga; Maria Gini; Konstantinos Eleftheriadis; Simona Scalbi; Bastien Caillard; Alfonso Arevalillo; Emeric Frejafon; Olivier Aguerre-Chariol; Valeria Dulio. 2021. "Blueprint for a self-sustained European Centre for service provision in safe and sustainable innovation for nanotechnology." NanoImpact 23, no. : 100337.

Original article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Indoor Air
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Material extrusion (ME) desktop 3D printing is known to strongly emit nanoparticles (NP), and the need for risk management has been recognized widely. Four different engineering control measures were studied in real‐life office conditions by means of online NP measurements and indoor aerosol modeling. The studied engineering control measures were general ventilation, local exhaust ventilation (LEV), retrofitted enclosure, and retrofitted enclosure with LEV. Efficiency between different control measures was compared based on particle number and surface area (SA) concentrations from which SA concentration was found to be more reliable. The study found out that for regular or long‐time use of ME desktop 3D printers, the general ventilation is not sufficient control measure for NP emissions. Also, the LEV with canopy hood attached above the 3D printer did not control the emission remarkably and successful position of the hood in relation to the nozzle was found challenging. Retrofitted enclosure attached to the LEV reduced the NP emissions 96% based on SA concentration. Retrofitted enclosure is nearly as efficient as enclosure attached to the LEV (reduction of 89% based on SA concentration) but may be considered more practical solution than enclosure with LEV.

ACS Style

Anna‐Kaisa Viitanen; Kimmo Kallonen; Kirsi Kukko; Tomi Kanerva; Erkka Saukko; Tareq Hussein; Kaarle Hämeri; Arto Säämänen. Technical control of nanoparticle emissions from desktop 3D printing. Indoor Air 2021, 31, 1061 -1071.

AMA Style

Anna‐Kaisa Viitanen, Kimmo Kallonen, Kirsi Kukko, Tomi Kanerva, Erkka Saukko, Tareq Hussein, Kaarle Hämeri, Arto Säämänen. Technical control of nanoparticle emissions from desktop 3D printing. Indoor Air. 2021; 31 (4):1061-1071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna‐Kaisa Viitanen; Kimmo Kallonen; Kirsi Kukko; Tomi Kanerva; Erkka Saukko; Tareq Hussein; Kaarle Hämeri; Arto Säämänen. 2021. "Technical control of nanoparticle emissions from desktop 3D printing." Indoor Air 31, no. 4: 1061-1071.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Pulmonary exposure to micro- and nanoscaled particles has been widely linked to adverse health effects and high concentrations of respirable particles are expected to occur within and around many industrial settings. In this study, a field-measurement campaign was performed at an industrial manufacturer, during the production of paints. Spatial and personal measurements were conducted and results were used to estimate the mass flows in the facility and the airborne particle release to the outdoor environment. Airborne particle number concentration (1 × 103–1.0 × 104 cm−3), respirable mass (0.06–0.6 mg m−3), and PM10 (0.3–6.5 mg m−3) were measured during pouring activities. In overall; emissions from pouring activities were found to be dominated by coarser particles >300 nm. Even though the raw materials were not identified as nanomaterials by the manufacturers, handling of TiO2 and clays resulted in release of nanometric particles to both workplace air and outdoor environment, which was confirmed by TEM analysis of indoor and stack emission samples. During the measurement period, none of the existing exposure limits in force were exceeded. Particle release to the outdoor environment varied from 6 to 20 g ton−1 at concentrations between 0.6 and 9.7 mg m−3 of total suspended dust depending on the powder. The estimated release of TiO2 to outdoors was 0.9 kg per year. Particle release to the environment is not expected to cause any major impact due to atmospheric dilution

ACS Style

Ana Sofia Fonseca; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Tomi Kanerva; Arto Säämänen; Olivier Aguerre-Chariol; Sebastien Fable; Adrien Dermigny; Nicolas Karoski; Isaline Fraboulet; Ismo Kalevi Koponen; Camilla Delpivo; Alejandro Vilchez Villalba; Socorro Vázquez-Campos; Alexander Christian Østerskov Jensen; Signe Hjortkjær Nielsen; Nicklas Sahlgren; Per Axel Clausen; Bianca Xuan Nguyen Larsen; Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen; Keld Alstrup Jensen; Joonas Koivisto. Occupational Exposure and Environmental Release: The Case Study of Pouring TiO2 and Filler Materials for Paint Production. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 418 .

AMA Style

Ana Sofia Fonseca, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Tomi Kanerva, Arto Säämänen, Olivier Aguerre-Chariol, Sebastien Fable, Adrien Dermigny, Nicolas Karoski, Isaline Fraboulet, Ismo Kalevi Koponen, Camilla Delpivo, Alejandro Vilchez Villalba, Socorro Vázquez-Campos, Alexander Christian Østerskov Jensen, Signe Hjortkjær Nielsen, Nicklas Sahlgren, Per Axel Clausen, Bianca Xuan Nguyen Larsen, Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen, Keld Alstrup Jensen, Joonas Koivisto. Occupational Exposure and Environmental Release: The Case Study of Pouring TiO2 and Filler Materials for Paint Production. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (2):418.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Sofia Fonseca; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Tomi Kanerva; Arto Säämänen; Olivier Aguerre-Chariol; Sebastien Fable; Adrien Dermigny; Nicolas Karoski; Isaline Fraboulet; Ismo Kalevi Koponen; Camilla Delpivo; Alejandro Vilchez Villalba; Socorro Vázquez-Campos; Alexander Christian Østerskov Jensen; Signe Hjortkjær Nielsen; Nicklas Sahlgren; Per Axel Clausen; Bianca Xuan Nguyen Larsen; Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen; Keld Alstrup Jensen; Joonas Koivisto. 2021. "Occupational Exposure and Environmental Release: The Case Study of Pouring TiO2 and Filler Materials for Paint Production." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 418.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Design for additive manufacturing is adopted to help solve problems inherent to attaching active personal sampler systems to workers for monitoring their breathing zone. A novel and parametric 3D printable clip system was designed with an open source Computer-aided design (CAD) system and was additively manufactured. The concept was first tested with a simple clip design, and when it was found to be functional, the ability of the innovative and open source design to be extended to other applications was demonstrated by designing another tooling system. The clip system was tested for mechanical stress test to establish a minimum lifetime of 5000 openings, a cleaning test, and a supply chain test. The designs were also tested three times in field conditions. The design cost and functionalities of the clip system were compared to commercial systems. This study presents an innovative custom-designed clip system that can aid in attaching different tools for personal exposure measurement to a worker’s harness without hindering the operation of the worker. The customizable clip system opens new possibilities for occupational health professionals since the basic design can be altered to hold different kinds of samplers and tools. The solution is shared using an open source methodology.

ACS Style

Kirsi Kukko; Jan Sher Akmal; Anneli Kangas; Mika Salmi; Roy Björkstrand; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Jouni Partanen; Joshua M. Pearce. Additively Manufactured Parametric Universal Clip-System: An Open Source Approach for Aiding Personal Exposure Measurement in the Breathing Zone. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6671 .

AMA Style

Kirsi Kukko, Jan Sher Akmal, Anneli Kangas, Mika Salmi, Roy Björkstrand, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Jouni Partanen, Joshua M. Pearce. Additively Manufactured Parametric Universal Clip-System: An Open Source Approach for Aiding Personal Exposure Measurement in the Breathing Zone. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (19):6671.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kirsi Kukko; Jan Sher Akmal; Anneli Kangas; Mika Salmi; Roy Björkstrand; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Jouni Partanen; Joshua M. Pearce. 2020. "Additively Manufactured Parametric Universal Clip-System: An Open Source Approach for Aiding Personal Exposure Measurement in the Breathing Zone." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19: 6671.

Original research paper
Published: 19 March 2020 in NanoEthics
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This work presents a blueprint or set of guidelines for the planning and development of sustainable national centers dealing with the safety of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies toward public health and environment. The blueprint was developed following a methodological approach of EU-wide online survey and workshop with several stakeholders. The purpose was to identify the key elements and challenges in the development and sustainability of a national nanosafety center. The responses were received from representatives of 16 national nanosafety centers across Europe and 44 people from 18 EU member states who represented the stakeholder groups of researchers, academics, industry, regulators, civil society, and consultants. By providing an overview of the organizational design of existing national nanosafety centers across EU and converging demands in the field of nanosafety, the blueprint principally benefits those EU member states who do not have a national nanosafety center, but intend to develop an entity to manage the human health, environmental, ethical, and social concerns/risks toward the growing nationwide activities on engineered nanomaterials, e.g., their production, use or disposal, at national level.

ACS Style

Neeraj Shandilya; Effie Marcoulaki; Sven Vercauteren; Hilda Witters; Eric Johansson Salazar-Sandoval; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Christophe Bressot; Wouter Fransman. Blueprint for the Development and Sustainability of National Nanosafety Centers. NanoEthics 2020, 14, 169 -183.

AMA Style

Neeraj Shandilya, Effie Marcoulaki, Sven Vercauteren, Hilda Witters, Eric Johansson Salazar-Sandoval, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Christophe Bressot, Wouter Fransman. Blueprint for the Development and Sustainability of National Nanosafety Centers. NanoEthics. 2020; 14 (2):169-183.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neeraj Shandilya; Effie Marcoulaki; Sven Vercauteren; Hilda Witters; Eric Johansson Salazar-Sandoval; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Christophe Bressot; Wouter Fransman. 2020. "Blueprint for the Development and Sustainability of National Nanosafety Centers." NanoEthics 14, no. 2: 169-183.

Research article
Published: 29 November 2017 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Human-induced resuspension of floor dust is a dynamic process that can serve as a major indoor source of biological particulate matter (bioPM). Inhalation exposure to the microbial and allergenic content of indoor dust is associated with adverse and protective health effects. This study evaluates infant and adult inhalation exposures and respiratory tract deposited dose rates of resuspended bioPM from carpets. Chamber experiments were conducted with a robotic crawling infant and an adult performing a walking sequence. Breathing zone (BZ) size distributions of resuspended fluorescent biological aerosol particles (FBAPs), a bioPM proxy, were monitored in real-time. FBAP exposures were highly transient during periods of locomotion. Both crawling and walking delivered a significant number of resuspended FBAPs to the BZ, with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2 cm–3 (mass range: ∼50 to 600 μg/m3). Infants and adults are primarily exposed to a unimodal FBAP size distribution between 2 and 6 μm, with infants receiving greater exposures to super-10 μm FBAPs. In just 1 min of crawling or walking, 103–104 resuspended FBAPs can deposit in the respiratory tract, with an infant receiving much of their respiratory tract deposited dose in their lower airways. Per kg body mass, an infant will receive a nearly four times greater respiratory tract deposited dose of resuspended FBAPs compared to an adult.

ACS Style

Tianren Wu; Martin Täubel; Rauno Holopainen; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Sinikka Vainiotalo; Timo Tuomi; Jorma Keskinen; Anne Hyvärinen; Kaarle Hämeri; Sampo E. Saari; Brandon E. Boor. Infant and Adult Inhalation Exposure to Resuspended Biological Particulate Matter. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 52, 237 -247.

AMA Style

Tianren Wu, Martin Täubel, Rauno Holopainen, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Sinikka Vainiotalo, Timo Tuomi, Jorma Keskinen, Anne Hyvärinen, Kaarle Hämeri, Sampo E. Saari, Brandon E. Boor. Infant and Adult Inhalation Exposure to Resuspended Biological Particulate Matter. Environmental Science & Technology. 2017; 52 (1):237-247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianren Wu; Martin Täubel; Rauno Holopainen; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Sinikka Vainiotalo; Timo Tuomi; Jorma Keskinen; Anne Hyvärinen; Kaarle Hämeri; Sampo E. Saari; Brandon E. Boor. 2017. "Infant and Adult Inhalation Exposure to Resuspended Biological Particulate Matter." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 1: 237-247.

Journal article
Published: 20 March 2017 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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3D printers are currently widely available and very popular among the general public. However, the use of these devices may pose health risks to users, attributable to air-quality issues arising from gaseous and particulate emissions in particular. We characterized emissions from a low-end 3D printer based on material extrusion, using the most common polymers: acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA). Measurements were carried out in an emission chamber and a conventional room. Particle emission rates were obtained by direct measurement and modeling, whereas the influence of extrusion temperature was also evaluated. ABS was the material with the highest aerosol emission rate. The nanoparticle emission ranged from 3.7·108 to 1.4·109 particles per second (# s−1) in chamber measurements and from 2.0·109 to 4.0·109 # s−1in room measurements, when the recommended extruder temperature was used. Printing with PLA emitted nanoparticles at the rate of 1.0·107 # s−1 inside the chamber and negligible emissions in room experiments. Emission rates were observed to depend strongly on extruder temperature. The particles’ mean size ranged from 7.8 to 10.5 nanometers (nm). We also detected a significant emission rate of particles of 1 to 3 nm in size during all printing events. The amounts of volatile organic and other gaseous compounds were only traceable and are not expected to pose health risks. Our study suggests that measures preventing human exposure to high nanoparticle concentrations should be adopted when using low-end 3D printers.

ACS Style

Luís Mendes; Anneli Kangas; Kirsi Kukko; Bjarke Mølgaard; Arto Säämänen; Tomi Kanerva; Inigo Flores Ituarte; Marika Huhtiniemi; Helene Stockmann-Juvala; Jouni Partanen; Kaarle Hämeri; Konstantinos Eleftheriadis; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen. Characterization of Emissions from a Desktop 3D Printer. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2017, 21, S94 -S106.

AMA Style

Luís Mendes, Anneli Kangas, Kirsi Kukko, Bjarke Mølgaard, Arto Säämänen, Tomi Kanerva, Inigo Flores Ituarte, Marika Huhtiniemi, Helene Stockmann-Juvala, Jouni Partanen, Kaarle Hämeri, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen. Characterization of Emissions from a Desktop 3D Printer. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2017; 21 (S1):S94-S106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luís Mendes; Anneli Kangas; Kirsi Kukko; Bjarke Mølgaard; Arto Säämänen; Tomi Kanerva; Inigo Flores Ituarte; Marika Huhtiniemi; Helene Stockmann-Juvala; Jouni Partanen; Kaarle Hämeri; Konstantinos Eleftheriadis; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen. 2017. "Characterization of Emissions from a Desktop 3D Printer." Journal of Industrial Ecology 21, no. S1: S94-S106.

Original articles
Published: 26 April 2016 in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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This study describes workers’ exposure to fine and ultrafine particles in the production chain of ferrochromium and stainless steel during sintering, ferrochromium smelting, stainless steel melting, and hot and cold rolling operations. Workers’ personal exposure to inhalable dust was assessed using IOM sampler with a cellulose acetate filter (AAWP, diameter 25 mm; Millipore, Bedford, MA). Filter sampling methods were used to measure particle mass concentrations in fixed locations. Particle number concentrations and size distributions were examined using an SMPS+C sequential mobile particle sizer and counter (series 5.400, Grimm Aerosol Technik, Ainring, Germany), and a hand-held condensation particle counter (CPC, model 3007, TSI Incorporated, MN). The structure and elemental composition of particles were analyzed using TEM-EDXA (TEM: JEM-1220, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan; EDXA: Noran System Six, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Madison,WI). Workers’ personal exposure to inhalable dust averaged 1.87, 1.40, 2.34, 0.30, and 0.17 mg m−3 in sintering plant, ferrochromium smelter, stainless steel melting shop, hot rolling mill, and the cold rolling mill, respectively. Particle number concentrations measured using SMPS+C varied from 58 × 103 to 662 × 103 cm−3 in the production areas, whereas concentrations measured using SMPS+C and CPC3007 in control rooms ranged from 24 × 103 to 243 × 103 cm−3 and 5.1 × 103 to 97 × 103 cm−3, respectively. The elemental composition and the structure of particles in different production phases varied. In the cold-rolling mill non-process particles were abundant. In other sites, chromium and iron originating from ore and recycled steel scrap were the most common elements in the particles studied. Particle mass concentrations were at the same level as that reported earlier. However, particle number measurements showed a high amount of ultrafine particles, especially in sintering, alloy smelting and melting, and tapping operations. Particle number concentration and size distribution measurements provide important information regarding exposure to ultrafine particles, which cannot be seen in particle mass measurements.

ACS Style

Merja Järvelä; Markku Huvinen; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Tomi Kanerva; Esa Vanhala; Jukka Uitti; Antti Joonas Koivisto; Sakari Junttila; Ritva Luukkonen; Timo Tuomi. Characterization of particle exposure in ferrochromium and stainless steel production. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2016, 13, 558 -568.

AMA Style

Merja Järvelä, Markku Huvinen, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Tomi Kanerva, Esa Vanhala, Jukka Uitti, Antti Joonas Koivisto, Sakari Junttila, Ritva Luukkonen, Timo Tuomi. Characterization of particle exposure in ferrochromium and stainless steel production. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2016; 13 (7):558-568.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Merja Järvelä; Markku Huvinen; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Tomi Kanerva; Esa Vanhala; Jukka Uitti; Antti Joonas Koivisto; Sakari Junttila; Ritva Luukkonen; Timo Tuomi. 2016. "Characterization of particle exposure in ferrochromium and stainless steel production." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 13, no. 7: 558-568.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2015 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Due to the health risk related to occupational air pollution exposure, we assessed concentrations and identified sources of particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a handcraft workshop producing fishing lures. The work processes in the site included polyurethane molding, spray painting, lacquering, and gluing. We measured total VOC (TVOC) concentrations and particle size distributions at three locations representing the various phases of the manufacturing and assembly process. The mean working-hour TVOC concentrations in three locations studied were 41, 37, and 24 ppm according to photo-ionization detector measurements. The mean working-hour particle number concentration varied between locations from 3000 to 36,000 cm−3. Analysis of temporal and spatial variations of TVOC concentrations revealed that there were at least four substantial VOC sources: spray gluing, mold-release agent spraying, continuous evaporation from various lacquer and paint containers, and either spray painting or lacquering (probably both). The mold-release agent spray was indirectly also a major source of ultrafine particles. The workers’ exposure can be reduced by improving the local exhaust ventilation at the known sources and by increasing the ventilation rate in the area with the continuous source.

ACS Style

Bjarke Mølgaard; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Anneli Kangas; Marika Huhtiniemi; Søren Thor Larsen; Esa Vanhala; Tareq Hussein; Brandon E. Boor; Kaarle Hämeri; Antti Joonas Koivisto. Exposure to Airborne Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds from Polyurethane Molding, Spray Painting, Lacquering, and Gluing in a Workshop. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2015, 12, 3756 -3773.

AMA Style

Bjarke Mølgaard, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Anneli Kangas, Marika Huhtiniemi, Søren Thor Larsen, Esa Vanhala, Tareq Hussein, Brandon E. Boor, Kaarle Hämeri, Antti Joonas Koivisto. Exposure to Airborne Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds from Polyurethane Molding, Spray Painting, Lacquering, and Gluing in a Workshop. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12 (4):3756-3773.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bjarke Mølgaard; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Anneli Kangas; Marika Huhtiniemi; Søren Thor Larsen; Esa Vanhala; Tareq Hussein; Brandon E. Boor; Kaarle Hämeri; Antti Joonas Koivisto. 2015. "Exposure to Airborne Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds from Polyurethane Molding, Spray Painting, Lacquering, and Gluing in a Workshop." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 4: 3756-3773.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2014 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study considers fundamental methods in occupational risk assessment of exposure to airborne engineered nanomaterials. We discuss characterization of particle emissions, exposure assessment, hazard assessment with in vitro studies, and risk range characterization using calculated inhaled doses and dose-response translated to humans from in vitro studies. Here, the methods were utilized to assess workers’ risk range of inhalation exposure to nanodiamonds (NDs) during handling and sieving of ND powder. NDs were agglomerated to over 500 nm particles, and mean exposure levels of different work tasks varied from 0.24 to 4.96 µg·m−3 (0.08 to 0.74 cm−3). In vitro-experiments suggested that ND exposure may cause a risk for activation of inflammatory cascade. However, risk range characterization based on in vitro dose-response was not performed because accurate assessment of delivered (settled) dose on the cells was not possible. Comparison of ND exposure with common pollutants revealed that ND exposure was below 5 μg·m−3, which is one of the proposed exposure limits for diesel particulate matter, and the workers’ calculated dose of NDs during the measurement day was 74 ng which corresponded to 0.02% of the modeled daily (24 h) dose of submicrometer urban air particles.

ACS Style

Antti Joonas Koivisto; Jaana E. Palomäki; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Kirsi M. Siivola; Ismo K. Koponen; Mingzhou Yu; Tomi S. Kanerva; Hannu Norppa; Harri T. Alenius; Tareq Hussein; Kai M. Savolainen; Kaarle J. Hämeri. Range-Finding Risk Assessment of Inhalation Exposure to Nanodiamonds in a Laboratory Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014, 11, 5382 -5402.

AMA Style

Antti Joonas Koivisto, Jaana E. Palomäki, Anna-Kaisa Viitanen, Kirsi M. Siivola, Ismo K. Koponen, Mingzhou Yu, Tomi S. Kanerva, Hannu Norppa, Harri T. Alenius, Tareq Hussein, Kai M. Savolainen, Kaarle J. Hämeri. Range-Finding Risk Assessment of Inhalation Exposure to Nanodiamonds in a Laboratory Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11 (5):5382-5402.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antti Joonas Koivisto; Jaana E. Palomäki; Anna-Kaisa Viitanen; Kirsi M. Siivola; Ismo K. Koponen; Mingzhou Yu; Tomi S. Kanerva; Hannu Norppa; Harri T. Alenius; Tareq Hussein; Kai M. Savolainen; Kaarle J. Hämeri. 2014. "Range-Finding Risk Assessment of Inhalation Exposure to Nanodiamonds in a Laboratory Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 5: 5382-5402.