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Ulisses Oliveira Costa
Composite Materials Group, Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil

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Brief report
Published: 07 June 2021 in Polymers
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The coating of natural fiber by graphene oxide (GO) has, over, this past decade, attracted increasing attention as an effective way to improve the adhesion to polymer matrices and enhance the composite properties. In particular, the GO-functionalized 30 vol% curaua fiber (Ananas Erectifolius) reinforcing epoxy composite was found to display superior tensile and thermogravimetric properties as well as higher fiber/matrix interfacial shear strength. In this brief report, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was conducted in up to 50 vol% GO-functionalized curaua fiber reinforced epoxy matrix (EM) composites. The objective was not only to extend the amount incorporated but also for the first time investigate the composite viscoelastic behavior. The GO functionalization of curaua fibers (GOCF) improved the DMA storage (E′) and loss (E″) modulus compared to the non-functionalized fiber composites. Values at 30 °C of both E′ (13.44 GPa) and E″ (0.67 GPa) for 50 vol% GO-functionalized curaua fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites (50GOCF/EM) were substantially higher than those of 20 GOCF/EM with E′ (7.08 GPa) and E″ (0.22 GPa) as well as non-functionalized 50CF/EM with E′ (11.04 GPa) and E″ (0.45 GPa). All these results are above the neat epoxy previously reported values of E′ (3.86 GPa) and E″ (0.09 GPa). As for the tangent delta, the parameters associated with damping factor and glass transition temperature were not found to be significantly changed by GO functionalization, but decreased with respect to the neat epoxy due to chain mobility restriction.

ACS Style

Ulisses Costa; Lucio Nascimento; Wendell Almeida Bezerra; Vinícius De Oliveira Aguiar; Artur Pereira; Sergio Monteiro; Wagner Pinheiro. Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Graphene Oxide Functionalized Curaua Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites: A Brief Report. Polymers 2021, 13, 1897 .

AMA Style

Ulisses Costa, Lucio Nascimento, Wendell Almeida Bezerra, Vinícius De Oliveira Aguiar, Artur Pereira, Sergio Monteiro, Wagner Pinheiro. Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Graphene Oxide Functionalized Curaua Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites: A Brief Report. Polymers. 2021; 13 (11):1897.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ulisses Costa; Lucio Nascimento; Wendell Almeida Bezerra; Vinícius De Oliveira Aguiar; Artur Pereira; Sergio Monteiro; Wagner Pinheiro. 2021. "Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Graphene Oxide Functionalized Curaua Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites: A Brief Report." Polymers 13, no. 11: 1897.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2020 in Polymers
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Graphene oxide (GO) incorporation in natural fiber composites has recently defined a novel class of materials with enhanced properties for applications, including ballistic armors. In the present work, the performance of a 0.5 vol % GO-incorporated epoxy matrix composite reinforced with 30 vol % fabric made of ramie fibers was investigated by stand-alone ballistic tests against the threat of a 0.22 lead projectile. Composite characterization was also performed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. Ballistic tests disclosed an absorbed energy of 130 J, which is higher than those reported for other natural fabrics epoxy composite, 74–97 J, as well as plain Kevlar (synthetic aramid fabric), 100 J, with the same thickness. This is attributed to the improved adhesion between the ramie fabric and the composite matrix due to the GO—incorporated epoxy. The onset of thermal degradation above 300 °C indicates a relatively higher working temperature as compared to common natural fiber polymer composites. DSC peaks show a low amount of heat absorbed or release due to glass transition endothermic (113–121 °C) and volatile release exothermic (~132 °C) events. The 1030 cm−1 prominent FTIR band, associated with GO bands between epoxy chains and graphene oxide groups, suggested an effective distribution of GO throughout the composite matrix. As expected, XRD of the 30 vol % ramie fabric-reinforced GO-incorporated epoxy matrix composite confirmed the displacement of the (0 0 1) peak of GO by 8° due to intercalation of epoxy chains into the spacing between GO layers. By improving the adhesion to the ramie fabric and enhancing the thermal stability of the epoxy matrix, as well as by superior absorption energy from projectile penetration, the GO may contribute to the composite effective ballistic performance.

ACS Style

Artur Camposo Pereira; Andreza Menezes Lima; Luana Cristyne Da Cruz Demosthenes; Michelle Souza Oliveira; Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra; Sergio Neves Monteiro; Ruben Jesus Sanchez Rodriguez; Janine Feitosa De Deus; Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro. Ballistic Performance of Ramie Fabric Reinforcing Graphene Oxide-Incorporated Epoxy Matrix Composite. Polymers 2020, 12, 2711 .

AMA Style

Artur Camposo Pereira, Andreza Menezes Lima, Luana Cristyne Da Cruz Demosthenes, Michelle Souza Oliveira, Ulisses Oliveira Costa, Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Ruben Jesus Sanchez Rodriguez, Janine Feitosa De Deus, Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro. Ballistic Performance of Ramie Fabric Reinforcing Graphene Oxide-Incorporated Epoxy Matrix Composite. Polymers. 2020; 12 (11):2711.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Artur Camposo Pereira; Andreza Menezes Lima; Luana Cristyne Da Cruz Demosthenes; Michelle Souza Oliveira; Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra; Sergio Neves Monteiro; Ruben Jesus Sanchez Rodriguez; Janine Feitosa De Deus; Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro. 2020. "Ballistic Performance of Ramie Fabric Reinforcing Graphene Oxide-Incorporated Epoxy Matrix Composite." Polymers 12, no. 11: 2711.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2020 in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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In the present work, two types of composites were produced, both reinforced with 30 vol% of curaua fibers (CF). In the first type, only the fiber was functionalized with graphene oxide (GO), producing the GOCF/EM composite. While in the second, only the epoxy matrix (EM) was functionalized, producing the CF/GOEM composite. The objective of the work was to investigate the influence of functionalization with GO on the tensile properties of these produced composites. In comparison with the non GO-functionalized composite, as control CF/EM, the results revealed an increase in yield strength (64%), tensile strength (40%), Young's modulus (60%) and toughness (28%) of the CF/GOEM composite. The GOCF/EM composites for which the fibers were functionalized with GO also performed better than the CF/EM composite. The ANOVA and Tukey tests confirm this increase. As for ductility, within the standard deviation, no change was observed between samples functionalized by GO and those from the control. For the first time, comparing the results of the composites, it was demonstrated that a polymer matrix functionalized by GO offers superior tensile performance compared to the other types, keeping the same GO concentration in the composite. This fact is corroborated by the analysis of the corresponding fracture mechanisms. Preliminary results of composite with simultaneous functionalization of both fiber and epoxy matrix failed to present superior properties. This might be attributed to high amount of GO, which is apparently not a good reinforcement as the curaua fiber.

ACS Style

Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento; Julianna Magalhães Garcia; Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra; Garcia Filho Fabio da Costa; Fernanda Santos da Luz; Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro; Sergio Neves Monteiro. Mechanical properties of composites with graphene oxide functionalization of either epoxy matrix or curaua fiber reinforcement. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020, 9, 13390 -13401.

AMA Style

Ulisses Oliveira Costa, Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento, Julianna Magalhães Garcia, Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra, Garcia Filho Fabio da Costa, Fernanda Santos da Luz, Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro, Sergio Neves Monteiro. Mechanical properties of composites with graphene oxide functionalization of either epoxy matrix or curaua fiber reinforcement. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020; 9 (6):13390-13401.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento; Julianna Magalhães Garcia; Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra; Garcia Filho Fabio da Costa; Fernanda Santos da Luz; Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro; Sergio Neves Monteiro. 2020. "Mechanical properties of composites with graphene oxide functionalization of either epoxy matrix or curaua fiber reinforcement." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 6: 13390-13401.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2020 in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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The arapaima is a large Amazonian freshwater fish and an example of a natural protective system against predators such as the piranha fish. In this work, both the plain scales and a 30 vol% of arapaima scales reinforced epoxy composite were characterized for their structure, composition and morphology. The characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SEM images showed that the surface morphology of the scales was not altered by the flattening process applied before composite manufacturing. The EDS results confirm that the percentage of calcium is higher in the scale outer layer, which also shows the presence of phosphorous. The evidence of collagens in the plain scales as well as the presence of hydroxyl groups and absorption bands related to the epoxy group in the composites were revealed by FTIR. Mechanical bend tests disclosed the toughening contribution of arapaima scales to the composite epoxy matrix. Nanoindentation testing confirms the higher hardness of the scale outer layer associated with calcium participation. These experimental results provide, for the first time, an initial view of the arapaima scales potential for use as reinforcement in novel polymer composites.

ACS Style

Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra; Sergio Neves Monteiro; Michelle Souza Oliveira; Fernanda Santos da Luz; Fabio Da Costa Garcia Filho; Luana Cristyne Da Cruz Demosthenes; Ulisses Oliveira Costa. Processing and characterization of Arapaima gigas scales and their reinforced epoxy composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020, 9, 3005 -3012.

AMA Style

Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Michelle Souza Oliveira, Fernanda Santos da Luz, Fabio Da Costa Garcia Filho, Luana Cristyne Da Cruz Demosthenes, Ulisses Oliveira Costa. Processing and characterization of Arapaima gigas scales and their reinforced epoxy composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020; 9 (3):3005-3012.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra; Sergio Neves Monteiro; Michelle Souza Oliveira; Fernanda Santos da Luz; Fabio Da Costa Garcia Filho; Luana Cristyne Da Cruz Demosthenes; Ulisses Oliveira Costa. 2020. "Processing and characterization of Arapaima gigas scales and their reinforced epoxy composites." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 3: 3005-3012.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2019 in Materials
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Knowledge about the curing behavior of a thermosetting resin and its composites includes the determination of kinetic parameters and constitutes an important scientific and technological tool for industrial process optimization. In the present work, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was used to determine several curing parameters for pure epoxy and its composite reinforced with 20 vol % mallow fibers. Analyses were performed with heating rates of 5, 7.5, and 10 °C/min, as per the ASTM E698 standard. The kinetic related parameters, that is, activation energy (E), Avrami’s pre-exponential factor (Z), and mean time to reach 50% cure (t½), were obtained for the materials, at temperatures ranging from 25 to 100 °C. Response surfaces based on the mathematical relationship between reaction time, transformed fraction, and temperature were provided for optimization purposes. The results showed that the average curing time used for the production of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/triethylenetetramine (DGEBA/TETA) epoxy systems or their composites reinforced with natural mallow fibers can be considerably reduced as the temperature is increased up to a certain limit.

ACS Style

Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento; Fernanda Santos Da Luz; Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Fábio De Oliveira Braga; Édio Pereira Lima Júnior; Sergio Monteiro. Curing Kinetic Parameters of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Mallow Fibers. Materials 2019, 12, 3939 .

AMA Style

Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento, Fernanda Santos Da Luz, Ulisses Oliveira Costa, Fábio De Oliveira Braga, Édio Pereira Lima Júnior, Sergio Monteiro. Curing Kinetic Parameters of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Mallow Fibers. Materials. 2019; 12 (23):3939.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento; Fernanda Santos Da Luz; Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Fábio De Oliveira Braga; Édio Pereira Lima Júnior; Sergio Monteiro. 2019. "Curing Kinetic Parameters of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Mallow Fibers." Materials 12, no. 23: 3939.

Journal article
Published: 25 November 2019 in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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Epoxy composites reinforced with 10, 20 and 30 vol% of a natural lignocellulosic fiber, the mallow fiber, were investigated for mechanical properties associated with Izod notch toughness and flexural resistance. For Izod tests, 150 × 120 × 10 mm plates and for three-point bend tests, 150 × 120 × 6 mm plates were fabricated in a steel mold by mixing aligned fibers with necessary percentage of diglycidyl ether of the bisphenol an epoxy resin hardened with triethylene tetramine. Each plate was kept under load of 5 ton during 24 h of curing at 25 °C. Both Izod and bend specimens were machined from corresponding plates and tested according to ASTM D256 and ASTM D790 standards, respectively. The results showed that composites with 20 and 30% of mallow fibers display a more effective reinforcement, with the predominance of fracture mechanisms, such as fiber rupture and interfacial detachment between the fibers and the matrix. The analysis of the results of both impact energies and flexural properties, was performed by the ANOVA statistics and Tukey test. Based on a 95% confidence level, the Tukey test showed that the 30 vol% of mallow fiber reinforced epoxy composites has the best performance, achieving the highest values of energy absorption, maximum flexural strength and rupture modulus. These results revealed that mallow fiber reinforced epoxy composites have promising applications as engineering materials.

ACS Style

Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento; Julianna Magalhães Garcia; Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra; Sergio Monteiro. Evaluation of Izod impact and bend properties of epoxy composites reinforced with mallow fibers. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2019, 9, 373 -382.

AMA Style

Ulisses Oliveira Costa, Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento, Julianna Magalhães Garcia, Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra, Sergio Monteiro. Evaluation of Izod impact and bend properties of epoxy composites reinforced with mallow fibers. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2019; 9 (1):373-382.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento; Julianna Magalhães Garcia; Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra; Sergio Monteiro. 2019. "Evaluation of Izod impact and bend properties of epoxy composites reinforced with mallow fibers." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 1: 373-382.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2019 in Polymers
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Composites with sustainable natural fibers are currently experiencing remarkably diversified applications, including in engineering industries, owing to their lower cost and density as well as ease in processing. Among the natural fibers, the fiber extracted from the leaves of the Amazonian curaua plant (Ananas erectifolius) is a promising strong candidate to replace synthetic fibers, such as aramid (Kevlar™), in multilayered armor system (MAS) intended for ballistic protection against level III high velocity ammunition. Another remarkable material, the graphene oxide is attracting considerable attention for its properties, especially as coating to improve the interfacial adhesion in polymer composites. Thus, the present work investigates the performance of graphene oxide coated curaua fiber (GOCF) reinforced epoxy composite, as a front ceramic MAS second layer in ballistic test against level III 7.62 mm ammunition. Not only GOCF composite with 30 vol% fibers attended the standard ballistic requirement with 27.4 ± 0.3 mm of indentation comparable performance to Kevlar™ 24 ± 7 mm with same thickness, but also remained intact, which was not the case of non-coated curaua fiber similar composite. Mechanisms of ceramic fragments capture, curaua fibrils separation, curaua fiber pullout, composite delamination, curaua fiber braking, and epoxy matrix rupture were for the first time discussed as a favorable combination in a MAS second layer to effectively dissipate the projectile impact energy.

ACS Style

Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento; Julianna Magalhães Garcia; Sergio Monteiro; Fernanda Santos Da Luz; Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro; Fabio Da Costa Garcia Filho. Effect of Graphene Oxide Coating on Natural Fiber Composite for Multilayered Ballistic Armor. Polymers 2019, 11, 1356 .

AMA Style

Ulisses Oliveira Costa, Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento, Julianna Magalhães Garcia, Sergio Monteiro, Fernanda Santos Da Luz, Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro, Fabio Da Costa Garcia Filho. Effect of Graphene Oxide Coating on Natural Fiber Composite for Multilayered Ballistic Armor. Polymers. 2019; 11 (8):1356.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento; Julianna Magalhães Garcia; Sergio Monteiro; Fernanda Santos Da Luz; Wagner Anacleto Pinheiro; Fabio Da Costa Garcia Filho. 2019. "Effect of Graphene Oxide Coating on Natural Fiber Composite for Multilayered Ballistic Armor." Polymers 11, no. 8: 1356.

Conference paper
Published: 16 February 2019 in Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago
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The mallow fibers (Urena lobata, linn) demonstrate great potential for the use as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. In this work, epoxy composites with mallow fibers were produced in volumetric fractions of 0 and 10%, with the objective of investigating the average Izod impact energies. For the composites with 0 and 10% of mallow fibers, there was ineffective performance of the reinforcement, with the predominance of fragile fracture mechanisms, seen through SEM analysis. It was verified that there was an increase of the impact energy between the epoxy matrix and the composite with 10% of mallow fibers in 1697%.

ACS Style

Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento; Sergio Monteiro; Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Luana Cristyne Da Cruz Demosthenes. Izod Impact Test on Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Mallow Fibers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago 2019, 143 -149.

AMA Style

Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento, Sergio Monteiro, Ulisses Oliveira Costa, Luana Cristyne Da Cruz Demosthenes. Izod Impact Test on Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Mallow Fibers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago. 2019; ():143-149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento; Sergio Monteiro; Ulisses Oliveira Costa; Luana Cristyne Da Cruz Demosthenes. 2019. "Izod Impact Test on Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Mallow Fibers." Proceedings of the International Conference on Martensitic Transformations: Chicago , no. : 143-149.