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Residues of persistent insecticides may be present in the substrates on which insects are reared for food and feed, which may affect insect growth or survival. In addition, insecticidal substances may bio-accumulate in reared insects. The objective of this study was to assess potential effects of selected insecticides on the growth and survival of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) and on their safety when used as animal feed. Six insecticides (chlorpyrifos, propoxur, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebufenozide) with different modes of action were tested in two sequential experiments. Cypermethrin was also tested with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Standard BSFL substrate was spiked to the respective maximum residue level (MRL) of each insecticide allowed by the European Union to occur in feed; and BSFL were reared on these substrates. Depending on the observed effects in the first experiment, spiked concentrations tested in the second experiment were increased or reduced. At the concentrations applied (1 and 10 times MRL), three of the six tested substances (chlorpyrifos, propoxur, tebufenozide) did not affect the survival or biomass growth of BSFL, compared to the control (non-spiked) treatments. At MRL, imidacloprid stimulated the growth of BSFL compared to the controls. Spinosad and cypermethrin at the MRL level negatively affected growth and survival. The effects of cypermethrin appeared to be augmented by addition of PBO. A mean bio-accumulation factor of ≤0.01 was found in both experiments for all substances–except for cypermethrin, which was comparatively high, but still below 1 (0.79 at 0.1 mg/kg). The lack of accumulation of insecticides in the larvae suggests that there is no risk of larval products being uncompliant with feed MRLs. However, we conclude that insecticides present in substrates may affect growth and survival of BSFL. More research on a larger variety of substances and insect species is recommended.
Nathan Meijer; Theo de Rijk; Joop J. A. van Loon; Lisa Zoet; H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. Effects of insecticides on mortality, growth and bioaccumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. 2021, 16, e0249362 .
AMA StyleNathan Meijer, Theo de Rijk, Joop J. A. van Loon, Lisa Zoet, H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. Effects of insecticides on mortality, growth and bioaccumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. . 2021; 16 (4):e0249362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNathan Meijer; Theo de Rijk; Joop J. A. van Loon; Lisa Zoet; H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. 2021. "Effects of insecticides on mortality, growth and bioaccumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae." 16, no. 4: e0249362.
Residues of persistent insecticides may be present in the substrates on which insects are reared for food and feed, which may affect insect growth or survival. In addition, insecticidal substances may bio-accumulate in reared insects. The objective of this study was to assess potential effects of selected insecticides on the growth and survival of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) and on their safety when used as animal feed. Six insecticides (chlorpyrifos, propoxur, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebufenozide) with different modes of action were tested in two sequential experiments. Cypermethrin was also tested with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Standard BSFL substrate was spiked to the respective maximum residue level (MRL) of each insecticide allowed by the European Union to occur in feed; and BSFL were reared on these substrates. Depending on the observed effects in the first experiment, spiked concentrations tested in the second experiment were increased or reduced. At the concentrations applied (1 and 10 times MRL), three of the six tested substances (chlorpyrifos, propoxur, tebufenozide) did not affect the survival or biomass growth of BSFL, compared to the control (non-spiked) treatments. At MRL, imidacloprid stimulated the growth of BSFL compared to the controls. Spinosad and cypermethrin at the MRL level negatively affected growth and survival. The effects of cypermethrin appeared to be augmented by addition of PBO. A mean bio-accumulation factor of ≤0.01 was found in both experiments for all substances–except for cypermethrin, which was comparatively high, but still below 1 (0.79 at 0.1 mg/kg). The lack of accumulation of insecticides in the larvae suggests that there is no risk of larval products being uncompliant with feed MRLs. However, we conclude that insecticides present in substrates may affect growth and survival of BSFL. More research on a larger variety of substances and insect species is recommended.
Nathan Meijer; Theo de Rijk; Joop J. A. van Loon; Lisa Zoet; H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. Effects of insecticides on mortality, growth and bioaccumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. PLOS ONE 2021, 16, e0249362 .
AMA StyleNathan Meijer, Theo de Rijk, Joop J. A. van Loon, Lisa Zoet, H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. Effects of insecticides on mortality, growth and bioaccumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16 (4):e0249362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNathan Meijer; Theo de Rijk; Joop J. A. van Loon; Lisa Zoet; H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. 2021. "Effects of insecticides on mortality, growth and bioaccumulation in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4: e0249362.
Contamination of African staple foods is a major issue for human and animal health, nutrition, and trade. This review aimed to collect and synthesize the available evidence on geographical spread, scale of contamination, disease burden, economic impact, and mitigation measures for aflatoxins in Africa by way of a systematic literature review. This knowledge can enhance management strategies for the major challenges to combat aflatoxins. The search was conducted by applying a predefined search strategy, using bibliographic databases and websites, covering the period 2010 to 2018. Results showed that maize, peanuts, and animal feeds were the most studied commodities. For maize, all studies indicated mean AFB1 to exceed the European Union legal limit. From studies on contamination levels and biomarkers, it is clear that overall exposure is high, leading to a substantial increase in long‐term disease burden. In addition, concentrations in food occasionally can reach very high levels, causing acute aflatoxicoses. The trade‐related impact of aflatoxin contamination was mainly evaluated from the standpoint of aflatoxin regulation affecting products imported from Africa. There was a limited number of studies on health‐related economic impacts, pointing out a gap in peer‐reviewed literature. A number of mitigation measures have been developed, but proof of cost‐effectiveness or even costs alone of the practices is often lacking. We recommend more emphasis to be put in peer‐reviewed studies on evidence‐based cost‐effective mitigation strategies for aflatoxins, on the scale and spread of the problem and its impacts on public health and economics for use in evidence‐based policies.
Nathan Meijer; Gijs Kleter; Monique de Nijs; Marie‐Luise Rau; Ria Derkx; H. J. van der Fels‐Klerx. The aflatoxin situation in Africa: Systematic literature review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2021, 20, 2286 -2304.
AMA StyleNathan Meijer, Gijs Kleter, Monique de Nijs, Marie‐Luise Rau, Ria Derkx, H. J. van der Fels‐Klerx. The aflatoxin situation in Africa: Systematic literature review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2021; 20 (3):2286-2304.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNathan Meijer; Gijs Kleter; Monique de Nijs; Marie‐Luise Rau; Ria Derkx; H. J. van der Fels‐Klerx. 2021. "The aflatoxin situation in Africa: Systematic literature review." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20, no. 3: 2286-2304.
Nathan Meijer; RIKILT - BU Toxicology Bioassays & Novel Foods; Trijntje Van Der Velde-Koerts; Harry Van Egmond; Paul Bikker; RIKILT - Business unit Dierbehandelingsmiddelen; Wias; Lr - Animal Nutrition. Pesticides in feed materials of plant origin : Application of processing factors. Pesticides in feed materials of plant origin : Application of processing factors 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleNathan Meijer, RIKILT - BU Toxicology Bioassays & Novel Foods, Trijntje Van Der Velde-Koerts, Harry Van Egmond, Paul Bikker, RIKILT - Business unit Dierbehandelingsmiddelen, Wias, Lr - Animal Nutrition. Pesticides in feed materials of plant origin : Application of processing factors. Pesticides in feed materials of plant origin : Application of processing factors. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNathan Meijer; RIKILT - BU Toxicology Bioassays & Novel Foods; Trijntje Van Der Velde-Koerts; Harry Van Egmond; Paul Bikker; RIKILT - Business unit Dierbehandelingsmiddelen; Wias; Lr - Animal Nutrition. 2020. "Pesticides in feed materials of plant origin : Application of processing factors." Pesticides in feed materials of plant origin : Application of processing factors , no. : 1.
The larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L., BSFL) have received increased industrial interest as a novel protein source for food and feed. Previous research has found that insects, including BSFL, are capable of metabolically converting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), but recovery of total AFB1 is less than 20% when accounting for its conversion to most known metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine the conversion of AFB1 by S9 extracts of BSFL reared on substrates with or without AFB1. Liver S9 of Aroclor-induced rats was used as a reference. To investigate whether cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the conversion of AFB1, the inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was tested in a number of treatments. The results showed that approximately 60% of AFB1 was converted to aflatoxicol and aflatoxin P1. The remaining 40% of AFB1 was not converted. Cytochrome P450s were indeed responsible for metabolic conversion of AFB1 into AFP1, and a cytoplasmic reductase was most likely responsible for conversion of AFB1 into aflatoxicol.
Nathan Meijer; Geert Stoopen; H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx; Joop J.A. Van Loon; John Carney; Guido Bosch. Aflatoxin B1 Conversion by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larval Enzyme Extracts. Toxins 2019, 11, 532 .
AMA StyleNathan Meijer, Geert Stoopen, H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx, Joop J.A. Van Loon, John Carney, Guido Bosch. Aflatoxin B1 Conversion by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larval Enzyme Extracts. Toxins. 2019; 11 (9):532.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNathan Meijer; Geert Stoopen; H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx; Joop J.A. Van Loon; John Carney; Guido Bosch. 2019. "Aflatoxin B1 Conversion by Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larval Enzyme Extracts." Toxins 11, no. 9: 532.
Nathan Meijer; Team Agrochains; Gijs Kleter; Rosa Amalia Safitri; Monique de Nijs; Marie-Luise Rau; Ria Derkx; Joke Webbink; Marijn Post; Yuca Waarts; Ine van der Fels-Klerx; Pe&rc; Research team Microbiologie and Novel Foods; Rikilt - Bu Toxicology Bioassays & Novel Foods; Natural Toxins; LEI International Policy; Fb Bib Publiekdiensten; Library Research & Education Support; Business Economics. The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review. The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleNathan Meijer, Team Agrochains, Gijs Kleter, Rosa Amalia Safitri, Monique de Nijs, Marie-Luise Rau, Ria Derkx, Joke Webbink, Marijn Post, Yuca Waarts, Ine van der Fels-Klerx, Pe&rc, Research team Microbiologie and Novel Foods, Rikilt - Bu Toxicology Bioassays & Novel Foods, Natural Toxins, LEI International Policy, Fb Bib Publiekdiensten, Library Research & Education Support, Business Economics. The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review. The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNathan Meijer; Team Agrochains; Gijs Kleter; Rosa Amalia Safitri; Monique de Nijs; Marie-Luise Rau; Ria Derkx; Joke Webbink; Marijn Post; Yuca Waarts; Ine van der Fels-Klerx; Pe&rc; Research team Microbiologie and Novel Foods; Rikilt - Bu Toxicology Bioassays & Novel Foods; Natural Toxins; LEI International Policy; Fb Bib Publiekdiensten; Library Research & Education Support; Business Economics. 2018. "The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review." The aflatoxin situation in Africa : Systematic literature review , no. : 1.