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Gerfried Jungmeier
Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, LIFE—Institute for Climate, Energy and Society, Waagner-Biro Straße 100, 8020 Graz, Austria

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Journal article
Published: 03 June 2021 in Sustainability
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The goal to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is spurring interest in renewable energy systems from time-varying sources (e.g., photovoltaics, wind) and these can require batteries to help load balancing. However, the batteries themselves add additional GHG emissions to the electricity system in all its life cycle phases. This article begins by investigating the GHG emissions for the manufacturing of two stationary lithium-ion batteries, comparing production in Europe, US and China. Next, we analyze how the installation and operation of these batteries change the GHG emissions of the electricity supply in two pilot sites. Life cycle assessment is used for GHG emissions calculation. The regional comparison on GHG emissions of battery manufacturing shows that primary aluminum, cathode paste and battery cell production are the principal components of the GHG emissions of battery manufacturing. Regional variations are linked mainly to high grid electricity demand and regional changes in the electricity mixes, resulting in base values of 77 kg CO2-eq/kWh to 153 kg CO2-eq/kWh battery capacity. The assessment of two pilot sites shows that the implementation of batteries can lead to GHG emission savings of up to 77%, if their operation enables an increase in renewable energy sources in the electricity system.

ACS Style

Johanna Pucker-Singer; Christian Aichberger; Jernej Zupančič; Camilla Neumann; David Bird; Gerfried Jungmeier; Andrej Gubina; Andreas Tuerk. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6330 .

AMA Style

Johanna Pucker-Singer, Christian Aichberger, Jernej Zupančič, Camilla Neumann, David Bird, Gerfried Jungmeier, Andrej Gubina, Andreas Tuerk. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6330.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Pucker-Singer; Christian Aichberger; Jernej Zupančič; Camilla Neumann; David Bird; Gerfried Jungmeier; Andrej Gubina; Andreas Tuerk. 2021. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6330.

Review
Published: 01 December 2020 in Energies
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We compiled 50 publications from the years 2005–2020 about life cycle assessment (LCA) of Li-ion batteries to assess the environmental effects of production, use, and end of life for application in electric vehicles. Investigated LCAs showed for the production of a battery pack per kWh battery capacity a median of 280 kWh/kWh_bc (25%-quantile–75%-quantile: 200–500 kWh/kWh_bc) for the primary energy consumption and a median of 120 kg CO2-eq/kWh_bc (25%-quantile–75%-quantile: 70–175 kg CO2-eq/kWh_bc) for greenhouse gas emissions. We expect results for current batteries to be in the lower range. Over the lifetime of an electric vehicle, these emissions relate to 20 g CO2-eq/km (25%-quantile–75%-quantile: 10–50 g CO2-eq/km). Considering recycling processes, greenhouse gas savings outweigh the negative environmental impacts of recycling and can reduce the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions by a median value of 20 kg CO2-eq/kWh_bc (25%-quantile–75%-quantile: 5–29 kg CO2-eq/kWh_bc). Overall, many LCA results overestimated the environmental impact of cell manufacturing, due to the assessments of relatively small or underutilized production facilities. Material emissions, like from mining and especially processing from metals and the cathode paste, could have been underestimated, due to process-based assumptions and non-regionalized primary data. Second-life applications were often not considered.

ACS Style

Christian Aichberger; Gerfried Jungmeier. Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Automotive Batteries Based on a Literature Review. Energies 2020, 13, 6345 .

AMA Style

Christian Aichberger, Gerfried Jungmeier. Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Automotive Batteries Based on a Literature Review. Energies. 2020; 13 (23):6345.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christian Aichberger; Gerfried Jungmeier. 2020. "Environmental Life Cycle Impacts of Automotive Batteries Based on a Literature Review." Energies 13, no. 23: 6345.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2019 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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In this paper, we aim to assess the potential influence of increased adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) on a well-to-wheel (WTW) basis in the four countries with highest passenger car sales (Germany, the United States, China, and Japan), and Norway which represents a highly renewable energy market on greenhouse gas emissions. To characterize these emissions, we define critical parameters regarding fleet composition, activity, efficiency and fuel production in each country. Overall, with today’s technology at a national average level, on a per km driven basis, battery electric vehicles emit fewer greenhouse gases than conventional vehicles in all countries. Though vehicle energy consumption is similar in all countries, electricity production energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions per kWh electricity vary considerably, with Norway and China representing the low and high emitting endpoints, respectively. As electricity generation decarbonizes, EVs have the potential to be lower greenhouse-gas emitting than gasoline vehicles in all countries considered. The complexity of EV analysis across international boundaries, time periods, and environmental media complicates communication of EV benefits to stakeholders. Analysts must continue to address and clearly communicate the influence of EV and electricity production technology advancement into the future on EV impacts on all environmental media (air, water, land).

ACS Style

Simone I. Ehrenberger; Jennifer B. Dunn; Gerfried Jungmeier; Hewu Wang. An international dialogue about electric vehicle deployment to bring energy and greenhouse gas benefits through 2030 on a well-to-wheels basis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2019, 74, 245 -254.

AMA Style

Simone I. Ehrenberger, Jennifer B. Dunn, Gerfried Jungmeier, Hewu Wang. An international dialogue about electric vehicle deployment to bring energy and greenhouse gas benefits through 2030 on a well-to-wheels basis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2019; 74 ():245-254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simone I. Ehrenberger; Jennifer B. Dunn; Gerfried Jungmeier; Hewu Wang. 2019. "An international dialogue about electric vehicle deployment to bring energy and greenhouse gas benefits through 2030 on a well-to-wheels basis." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 74, no. : 245-254.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2013 in Journal of Energy Resources Technology
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The core objective of this paper is to investigate the perspectives of “renewable fuels” mainly from an energetic point-of-view in a dynamic framework until 2050 in comparison to fossil fuels. In addition, the impact on the economic prospects of an improvement of the energetic performance is analyzed. As renewable fuels, various categories of first and second generation biofuels as well as electricity and hydrogen from renewable energy sources are considered. The most important results of this analysis are: (i) While for first generation biofuels, the relatively high share of fossil energy is the major problem, for second generation biofuels, the major problems are the low conversion efficiency and the corresponding high input of renewable feedstocks. Up to 2050, it is expected that these problems will be relieved, but only slightly. (ii) The energetic improvements up to 2050 will lead to substantial reduction of energetic losses in the well-to-tank as well as in the tank-to-wheel part of the energy service provision chain. (iii) By 2050, the total driving costs of all analyzed fuels and powertrains will almost even out. (iv) The major uncertainty for battery electric and fuel cell vehicles is how fast technological learning will take place especially for the battery and the fuel cells.

ACS Style

Amela Ajanovic; Gerfried Jungmeier; Martin Beermann; Reinhard Haas. Driving on Renewables—On the Prospects of Alternative Fuels up to 2050 From an Energetic Point-of-View in European Union Countries. Journal of Energy Resources Technology 2013, 135, 031201 .

AMA Style

Amela Ajanovic, Gerfried Jungmeier, Martin Beermann, Reinhard Haas. Driving on Renewables—On the Prospects of Alternative Fuels up to 2050 From an Energetic Point-of-View in European Union Countries. Journal of Energy Resources Technology. 2013; 135 (3):031201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amela Ajanovic; Gerfried Jungmeier; Martin Beermann; Reinhard Haas. 2013. "Driving on Renewables—On the Prospects of Alternative Fuels up to 2050 From an Energetic Point-of-View in European Union Countries." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 135, no. 3: 031201.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2012 in Energies
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The core objective of this paper is to analyze the energy and CO2 reduction potentials as well as the market prospects of biofuels in EU-15 in a dynamic framework till 2050. The most important result of this analysis is that 2nd generation biofuels might become economically competitive between 2020 and 2030, yet this can only be achieved if the following preconditions are fulfilled: (1) achievement of significant learning effects leading to considerably lower plant costs; (2) significant improvement of conversion efficiency from feedstock to fuel leading to lower feedstock costs and better ecological performance; (3) increases in conventional diesel and gasoline prices, e.g., due to CO2 based taxes.

ACS Style

Amela Ajanovic; Gerfried Jungmeier; Martin Beermann; Reinhard Haas. The Long-Term Prospects of Biofuels in the EU-15 Countries. Energies 2012, 5, 3110 -3125.

AMA Style

Amela Ajanovic, Gerfried Jungmeier, Martin Beermann, Reinhard Haas. The Long-Term Prospects of Biofuels in the EU-15 Countries. Energies. 2012; 5 (8):3110-3125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amela Ajanovic; Gerfried Jungmeier; Martin Beermann; Reinhard Haas. 2012. "The Long-Term Prospects of Biofuels in the EU-15 Countries." Energies 5, no. 8: 3110-3125.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2003 in The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
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This paper outlines guidelines for the treatment of energy in LCAs of forest products. The paper is a result of the Cost Action E 9 ‘Life cycle assessment of forestry and forest products’ and reflects the experience of Cost E9 delegates, contributing to Working Group ‘End of life — recycling, disposal and energy generation’. After overviewing different aspects of energy in LCA of forest products, the most important aspects are identified: 1) energy and carbon balance, 2) energy generation, 3) energy substitution and 4) comparison with other waste management options. For these aspects, guidelines are developed and examples are given to demonstrate the practical application of recommended guidelines. Beside the proper treatment of the above mentioned aspects, the following conclusions for the LCA practitioners are given: 1) Draw attention to losses of potential energy in carbon flows. 2) Compared to heating value of biomass the auxiliary energy need is low (<10%). 3) The substitution rate (bioenergy for fossil fuel) might be lower than 100%, depending on technical systems available. 4) A high substitution rate might be an optimisation criterion for LCA. 5) A sensitivity analysis of different substitution criteria should be made. 6) Compare energy generation to other waste management options. 7) Use of bioenergy might be ‘CO2-neutral’, but not ‘CO2-free’. 8) Most important benefit of bioenergy is greenhouse gas reduction by substituting fossil energy.

ACS Style

Gerfried Jungmeier; Fred McDarby; Anders Evald; Catharina Hohenthal; Ann-Kristin Petersen; Hannes-Peter Schwaiger; Bernhard Zimmer. Energy aspects in LCA of forest products. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2003, 8, 99 -105.

AMA Style

Gerfried Jungmeier, Fred McDarby, Anders Evald, Catharina Hohenthal, Ann-Kristin Petersen, Hannes-Peter Schwaiger, Bernhard Zimmer. Energy aspects in LCA of forest products. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2003; 8 (2):99-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerfried Jungmeier; Fred McDarby; Anders Evald; Catharina Hohenthal; Ann-Kristin Petersen; Hannes-Peter Schwaiger; Bernhard Zimmer. 2003. "Energy aspects in LCA of forest products." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 8, no. 2: 99-105.

Article
Published: 01 November 2002 in The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
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The treatment of allocation in the descriptive LCA of wood-based products has been discussed for a long time and different solutions have been presented. In general, it is accepted that the influence of different allocation procedures on the results of LCA of wood-based products can be very significant. This paper is a result of the Cost Action E9 ‘Life cycle assessment of forestry and forest products’ and represents the experience of involved Cost E9 delegates. Wood is a renewable material that can be used for wood products and energy production. Consistent methodological procedures are needed in order to correctly address the twofold nature of wood as a material and fuel, the multi-functional wood processing generating large quantities of co-products, and reuse or recycling of paper and wood. Ten different processes in LCAs of wood-based products are identified, where allocation questions can occur: forestry, sawmill, wood industry, pulp and paper industry, particle board industry, recycling of paper, recycling of wood-based boards, recycling of waste wood, combined heat and power production, landfill. Following ISO 14 041 a step-wise procedure for system boundary setting and allocation are outlined. As a first priority allocation should be avoided by system expansion, thus adding additional functions to the functional unit. Alternatively, the avoided-burden approach can be followed by subtracting substituted functions of wood that are additionally provided. If allocation cannot be avoided, some allocations methods from case studies are described. The following conclusions for allocation in LCA of wood-based products are given. 1) Avoid allocation by expansion of system boundaries by combining material and energy aspects of wood, meaning a combination of LCA of wood products and of energy from wood with a functional unit for products and energy. 2) Substitute energy from wood with conventional energy in the LCA of wood products to get the functional unit of the wood product only, but identify the criteria for the substituted energy. 3) Substitution of wooden products with non-wooden products in LCA of bioenergy is not advisable, because the substitution criteria can be too complex. 4) If avoiding allocation is not possible, the reasons should be documented. 5) Different allocation procedures must be analysed and documented. In many cases, it seems necessary to make a sensitivity analysis of different allocation options for different environmental effects. It can also be useful to get the acceptance of the chosen allocation procedure by external experts. 6) Different allocation factors, e.g. mass or economic value, are allowed within the same LCA. 7) For allocation of forestry processes it is necessary to describe the main function of the forest where the raw material is taken out. In some cases different types or functions of forests must be considered and described. 8) Regarding the experiences from the examples, the following most practical allocation for some specific processes are identified: forestry: mass or volume; sawmill: mass or volume and proceeds; wood industry: mass and proceeds.

ACS Style

Gerfried Jungmeier; Frank Werner; Anna Jarnehammar; Catharina Hohenthal; Klaus Richter. Allocation in LCA of wood-based products experiences of cost action E9. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2002, 7, 369 -375.

AMA Style

Gerfried Jungmeier, Frank Werner, Anna Jarnehammar, Catharina Hohenthal, Klaus Richter. Allocation in LCA of wood-based products experiences of cost action E9. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2002; 7 (6):369-375.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerfried Jungmeier; Frank Werner; Anna Jarnehammar; Catharina Hohenthal; Klaus Richter. 2002. "Allocation in LCA of wood-based products experiences of cost action E9." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 7, no. 6: 369-375.