The paper presents the results of research on improving the accuracy of aircraft positioning using RTK-OTF (Real Time Kinematic–On The Fly) technique in air navigation. The paper shows a new solution of aircraft positioning for the application of the differential RTK-OTF technique in air navigation. In particular, a new mathematical model is presented which makes it possible to determine the resultant position of an aircraft based on the solution for the method of least squares in a stochastic process. The developed method combines in the process of alignment of GPS (Global Positioning System) observations, three independent solutions of the aircraft position in OTF mode for geocentric coordinates XYZ of the aircraft. Measurement weights as a function of the vector length and the mean vector length error, respectively, were used in the calculations. The applied calculation method makes it possible to determine the resultant position of the aircraft with high accuracy: better than 0.039 m with using the measurement weight as a function of the vector length and better than 0.009 m with the measurement weight as a function of the mean error of the vector length, respectively. In relation to the classical RTK-OTF solution as a model of the arithmetic mean, the proposed method makes it possible to increase the accuracy of determination of the aircraft position by 45–46% using the measurement weight as a function of the vector length, and 86–88% using the measurement weight as a function of the mean error of the vector length, respectively. The obtained test results show that the developed method improves to significantly improve the accuracy of the RTK-OTF solution as a method for determining the reference position in air navigation.

This paper presents the concept of precise navigation based on SBAS technology and CORS stations. In a kinematic test, three rover Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, properly spaced relatively to each other, were used in order to estimate reliable and redundant GPS/EGNOS positions. Next, the Kalman filter was employed to give the final solution. It was proven that EGNOS positioning allows to obtain an accuracy in the range of about 0.5–1.5 m. The proposed solution involving the use of three mobile receivers and Kalman filtering allowed to reduce the 3D error to a level below 0.3 m. Such an accuracy was achieved using only GPS L1 code observations and EGNOS corrections. Additionally, a reliable monitoring of quality of GPS/EGNOS positioning in the test area based on CORS stations was presented.

The ionosphere is one of the main factors affecting the accuracy of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). It is a dispersive medium for radio signals, and for multi-frequency receivers, most of its effect can be removed. The problem is for the single-frequency devices, which must rely on a correction model. The motivation of this paper is the adoption of different ionospheric models in GPS/EGNOS (Global Positioning System/European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) positioning to mitigate the impact of geomagnetic storms. The aim of this article is to examine the accuracy of GPS/EGNOS single-frequency positioning. In all the examined solutions, GPS L1 data augmented with the EGNOS clock and ephemeris corrections were used in position calculation. The changes were only made to the ionospheric model. The examined scenarios are as follows: without any model (off), Klobuchar, NeQuick G, and EGNOS model. The analysed period is 6–12 September 2017, during which the last strong geomagnetic storm took place. In order to perform a reliable analysis, the study was conducted at three International GNSS Service (IGS) stations in different geographical latitudes, within the EGNOS APV-1 (Approach with Vertical Guidance) availability border. The obtained results prove that the EGNOS ionospheric model meets the aviation positioning accuracy criteria for the APV-1 approach during the studied geomagnetic storm. The EGNOS average horizontal positioning error of 0.75 m was on average almost two times lower than the other solutions. For vertical positioning, the EGNOS error of 0.93 m proved to be two times lower than those of the Klobuchar and NeQuick G models, while it was more than three times lower for the off solution.

The ionosphere is one of the main factors affecting the accuracy and integrity of satellite-based augmentation system positioning systems. This paper presents the results of a 30-day study of the accuracy and integrity of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) conducted at the EPOD airport belonging to the Aeroclub of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, in northeastern Poland (the area until recently considered as the edge of EGNOS coverage). Analyses of the parameters characterising the accuracy and integrity of positioning were performed in three calculation variants/modes: with the original EGNOS ionospheric correction, with correction determined by means of Klobuchar algorithm, and finally with modified ionospheric coefficients developed by the CODE. Studies have shown clearly that the original EGNOS ionospheric model gives the best integrity and accuracy results allowing to use EGNOS for approach with vertical guidance procedures, while the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe and Klobuchar models could only be used for non-precision approach operations.

Integrity of positioning is one of the key aspects of satellite based augmentation systems. This paper presents a study carried out in north‐eastern Poland, a region which is considered as a border of the operation of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) system. Detailed analyses concerning operational parameters of EGNOS were done during the 12‐hour and 24‐hour measurement sessions conducted at a fixed point. The study was focused on the role of ionospheric delays in the integrity model according to the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics guidelines. In determination of the accuracy and integrity of positioning, two variants of calculations were adopted: one based on a standard interpolation algorithm determining ionospheric delay by the EGNOS system, and the other based on the Klobuchar model. The research found that the first method is characterised by only slightly better accuracy results, while significant differences were obtained by examining the integrity of positioning. For both variants of the calculation design, the values of protection levels determined for the fixed point are much higher than the positioning accuracy, which meets the integrity requirements of the navigation system.

Technological progress in augmented reality (AR) creates new application opportunities for different branches of tourism. The application of modern technology is made possible by the widespread use of mobile devices and dedicated tourist applications. Preliminary market research demonstrates that there are no global solutions intended for tourists on sea voyages that make use of augmented reality. This paper analyzes the use of AR technology in water tourism. The proposed Maritime Educational Trip (MET) system makes it possible to combine geolocation information with the accumulated knowledge of a specific location and to present it with AR. An example prototypical Android application is developed, combining e-navigation with a knowledge base. The developed solutions show how a combination of the real world with a computer-generated world helps to expand the tourism space.