Biomass energy is becoming increasingly important, owing to the decreasing supply of fossil fuels and growing environmental problems. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising technology for producing solid biofuels from agricultural and forestry residues because of its lower fossil-fuel consumption. In this study, HTC was used to upgrade red jujube branch (RJB) to prepare hydrochar at six temperatures (220, 240, 260, 280, 300, and 320 °C) for 120 min, and at 300 °C for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The results showed that the energy recovery efficiency (ERE) reached maximum values of 80.42% and 79.86% at a residence time of 90 min and a reaction temperature of 220 °C, respectively. X-ray diffraction results and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements show that the microcrystal features of RJB were destroyed, whereas the hydrochar contained an amorphous structure and mainly lignin fractions at increased temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the hydrochar had better fuel qualities than RJB, making hydrochar easier to burn.

In order to improve the precision of the variable-rate fertilization system in orchards, this paper conducted a simulation by MATLAB and experimental research based on a variable-rate fertilization experiment platform. The variable-rate fertilization experimental platform was mainly composed of a power supply, DC motors, a PPC-15A1 on-board computer that contains a PCI8932 PC-DAQ, speed sensors, fertilizer dischargers, and a NAV60 module that can receive Beidou Navigation Satellite System positioning data. According to the fertilizer application mechanism of an external grooved wheel fertilizer applicator, the control system model of the variable-rate fertilization driven by the DC motor for orchards was established. A BP neural network adaptive PID controller based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) was proposed to improve the control precision of the system. The step response simulation results by MATLAB show that the overshoot of the BP-PID controller optimized by the PSO algorithm (PSO-BP-PID) is 12.7%, and the adjustment time is 0.557 s. The variable-rate fertilization experiments were conducted, in which the control system was tested by using the PSO-BP-PID controller. The variable fertilizer seeder control system of the Chinese national standard was adopted to evaluate the performance indexes of the system, such as the range of fertilizer amount adjustment, the response time of fertilizer amount adjustment, and the control precision of fertilizer amount. In the variable rate fertilization experiments, the average fertilization errors, respectively, are 1.16% and 1.07%, under the conditions of changing the target fertilization amount and the vehicle speed. The test results are consistent with the simulation results, and the variable-rate fertilization performance parameters are improved.

The reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) reaction is an essential step in the CO ₂ hydrogenation. In our study, the 1Pd/2Na10Fe/SiO ₂ catalyst demonstrated an advantageous pathway for achieving a high CO formation rate compared to other catalysts.

Fe–CoWO ₄ interaction generates tuneable BASs to selective cleave C–O, yielding 1,3-PDO and EtOH with high selectivity.