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Economic sustainability plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth and social development. The importance of answering the question about the level of sustainability of family farms results from the fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, apart from exceptions (e.g., the Czech Republic and Slovakia), are characterized by a fragmented agrarian structure. Hence, the main goal of this article was to answer two questions: (1) whether the countries of Central and Eastern Europe differ in the level of economic sustainability of small family farms; and (2) whether the same socioeconomic factors impact similarly on the level of economic sustainability of small family farms from countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The study was based on surveys conducted in small family farms: in 2018 from Poland (672 farms) and in 2019 in four other countries (Lithuania; 999 farms, Romania; 834 farms, Serbia; 523 farms, Moldova; 530 farms). The publication includes a critical analysis of the literature, structure analysis and correlation analysis. The results show the occurrence of large differences between the economic sustainability of small family farms from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The research indicates that the larger the area of a small-scale family farm, the greater its economic sustainability. The productivity of these farms increases with their economic sustainability. The results also prove a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and the economic sustainability of their farm in all analysed countries. These trends were found in all analysed countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The results of the analyses support the conclusion that agricultural policy instruments aimed at increasing the economic sustainability of small family farms should lead to: land consolidation, a decrease in the age of farm owners through generational changes, and a decrease in employment in agriculture, which would lead to a reduction in labour input in the agricultural sector.
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth; Adam Majchrzak; Andreea Muntean; Silvia Maican. The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8262 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Marta Guth, Adam Majchrzak, Andreea Muntean, Silvia Maican. The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8262.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth; Adam Majchrzak; Andreea Muntean; Silvia Maican. 2021. "The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8262.
Although sustainable development is a topic broadly discussed in the literature in relation to existing policy stimulus, a holistic approach to the implementation of sustainability in agriculture—for which there are three dimensions (economic, social and environmental)—is still missing. A regional approach, which averages the entire EU region, could therefore be useful in the long term for recommending directional guidelines for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of key groups of CAP instruments and factor intensity on the three above-mentioned aspects of sustainability in the 2004–2017 period, with the assumption that they are all reciprocally related. This goal was achieved by measuring sustainability using the modified sustainable value approach combined with frontier-based nonparametric assessment and applying structural equation modelling, including multilevel random intercept. This research highlights trade-offs between environmental, economic and social efficiency and checks the impact of the EU CAP schemes on the sustainability of environmental, economic, and social dimensions in agriculture. Despite common indications of trade-offs, particularly between economic performance and eco-efficiency, our study shows that in the long term, such feedback has not occurred in any EU regions. Moreover, there are positive interactions between all three dimensions of sustainability from a cross-sectional perspective. The analysis of the impact of CAP subsidies proves that the current system of agri-environmental, set-aside and rural development payments has been effective in the long term, although broader implementation of environmental schemes in regions with lower labour productivity may negatively affect social sustainability.
Bazyli Czyżewski; Marta Guth. Impact of Policy and Factor Intensity on Sustainable Value of European Agriculture: Exploring Trade-Offs of Environmental, Economic and Social Efficiency at the Regional Level. Agriculture 2021, 11, 78 .
AMA StyleBazyli Czyżewski, Marta Guth. Impact of Policy and Factor Intensity on Sustainable Value of European Agriculture: Exploring Trade-Offs of Environmental, Economic and Social Efficiency at the Regional Level. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (1):78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBazyli Czyżewski; Marta Guth. 2021. "Impact of Policy and Factor Intensity on Sustainable Value of European Agriculture: Exploring Trade-Offs of Environmental, Economic and Social Efficiency at the Regional Level." Agriculture 11, no. 1: 78.
In recent years, social and economic goals have been preferable compared to environmental issues. However, global problems with the environment, increasing pollution, and gas heating emissions have made environmental issues a major priority. Suddenly, human beings have realized that environmental investments are needed to maintain better world conditions for future generations. This article investigates the development of agricultural investment in the context of production factors in Polish voivodeships in the years 2000–2018. Farmers have to choose between investing and developing production or being more environmentally friendly and invest on a smaller scale or transform their farms into organic production. Moreover, the investment in environmental protection in Poland was analyzed. Investment outlays on fixed assets for environmental protection and outlays on fixed assets for water management were investigated. The level of investment has changed since Poland joined the EU. With membership, Poland gained access to new markets and technology. Particular attention has been focused on production factors (land, capital, and the work force). We have conducted as a proxy regular regression analysis and after panel regression to measure the impact of the chosen factors on explained variables: investment outlays in agriculture, and investment outlays per 1 ha of agricultural land. We have used correlation analysis to examine the relations between explanatory variables and total gross investment in agriculture and total investment outlays in agriculture per 1 ha of agricultural land, outlays on fixed assets for environmental protection, and outlays on fixed assets for water management. Our analysis confirms that explanatory variables are important in shaping total investment outlays in agriculture and total investment outlays per 1 ha of agricultural land.
Piotr Bórawski; Marta Guth; Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska; Krzysztof Jankowski; Andrzej Parzonko; James Dunn. Investments in Polish Agriculture: How Production Factors Shape Conditions for Environmental Protection? Sustainability 2020, 12, 8160 .
AMA StylePiotr Bórawski, Marta Guth, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Krzysztof Jankowski, Andrzej Parzonko, James Dunn. Investments in Polish Agriculture: How Production Factors Shape Conditions for Environmental Protection? Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8160.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotr Bórawski; Marta Guth; Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska; Krzysztof Jankowski; Andrzej Parzonko; James Dunn. 2020. "Investments in Polish Agriculture: How Production Factors Shape Conditions for Environmental Protection?" Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8160.
The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of the Common Agricultural Policy’s (CAP) subsidies on the level of economic sustainability of farms by means of three-fold study. To determine the economic sustainability of farms the authors applied the income gap ratio. Next, the level of income differentiation between farms of various economic classes was established. The last part consisted of the recognition of statistically significant CAP schemes that shape agricultural income in farms of different size and in assessing how the respective subsidies should increase or decrease to fill the recognized gap, based on the coefficients of panel regression. The spatial scope covered all EU countries in 2005–2015. Results show that due to the CAP’s support the average income of farms has approached the average non-agricultural income, but distribution of this support favored the largest farms, increasing disparities within the sector.
Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Bazyli Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries. Agriculture 2020, 10, 34 .
AMA StyleMarta Guth, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Bazyli Czyżewski, Sebastian Stępień. The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (2):34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Bazyli Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. 2020. "The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries." Agriculture 10, no. 2: 34.
Sustainable development plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth, social development and care for the natural environment. The issue was also noticed at the level of the European Union, which is expressed among others by creating sectoral policies, including the Common Agricultural Policy. The aim of the article is to determine the influence of the Common Agricultural Policy on the level of socio-economic sustainability of farms in Poland. The authors formulate a hypothesis that the existing solutions serve the achievement of economic sustainability, determined by the agricultural to non-agricultural income ratio, but they do not provide sustainability of farms in terms of the social element understood as taking income disparities into consideration. In the article, panel regression and the ratio of income from representative FADN farms to average annual gross salary per employee in Poland in the years 2004–2017 were used. It was found that thanks to the support from the Common Agricultural Policy, the average income of farms comes close to the average income of the non-agricultural sector. However, the influence of the subsidies on changes in economic sustainability was uneven in various economic size classes of farms—the strongest farms benefited the most, which means that social sustainability in terms of equal distribution of income was not achieved.
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth; Sebastian Stępień; Agnieszka Brelik. The Influence of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on the Socio-Economic Sustainability of Farms (the Case of Poland). Sustainability 2019, 11, 7173 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Marta Guth, Sebastian Stępień, Agnieszka Brelik. The Influence of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on the Socio-Economic Sustainability of Farms (the Case of Poland). Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth; Sebastian Stępień; Agnieszka Brelik. 2019. "The Influence of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on the Socio-Economic Sustainability of Farms (the Case of Poland)." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7173.
Small and labor-intensive farms guarantee a higher degree of environmental sustainability compared to rich, capital-intensive farms. This paper offers a methodological contribution to the value-based sustainability approach, consisting in computing a modified indicator of environmental sustainable value. Using this approach, the authors test how factor endowments such as capital, land and labor contribute to environmental sustainable value using a long-term panel of region-representative European Union farm accountancy data network farms in 2004–2015. The seminal within-between specification was employed to control time variant and time in-variant space heterogeneity of European regions. The articles main finding is that higher capital endowment and lower labor-intensity is beneficial for environmental sustainable value. The result that farming with higher labor endowment might be less eco-efficient contradicts the commonly known perception of this problem. In light of our findings, we conclude that the pro-investment direction of the common agricultural policy should be followed but one-size-fit-all policy is not working.
Aleksander Grzelak; Marta Guth; Anna Matuszczak; Bazyli Czyżewski; Agnieszka Brelik. Approaching the environmental sustainable value in agriculture: How factor endowments foster the eco-efficiency. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 241, 118304 .
AMA StyleAleksander Grzelak, Marta Guth, Anna Matuszczak, Bazyli Czyżewski, Agnieszka Brelik. Approaching the environmental sustainable value in agriculture: How factor endowments foster the eco-efficiency. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 241 ():118304.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksander Grzelak; Marta Guth; Anna Matuszczak; Bazyli Czyżewski; Agnieszka Brelik. 2019. "Approaching the environmental sustainable value in agriculture: How factor endowments foster the eco-efficiency." Journal of Cleaner Production 241, no. : 118304.
Facing enormous differences in factor endowments across European agriculture the aim of the study was to identify the significance of differences in land, capital and labour endowments on the efficiency of different agricultural production types in the EU. The Ward Cluster Analysis was used to distinguish groups of EU regions, significantly differing in factor endowment, DEA model to determine the relative differences in technical efficiency of different types of agricultural production in EU regions and ANOVA analysis to assess the significance of differences in the efficiency of agricultural production types between these EU regions. It was found that generally the agriculture of the EU-12 regions was characterised in 2015 by higher efficiency of transforming inputs into effects than households in the EU-15 regions. Therefore, factor endowments play a significant role in transformation of production factors into effects. The article shows that there is a diversity of factor endowments in agriculture between EU region groups, which translates into differences in the technical efficiency of agricultural holdings of various types of production.
Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. Economic resources versus the efficiency of different types of agricultural production in regions of the European union. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 2019, 33, 1036 -1051.
AMA StyleMarta Guth, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. Economic resources versus the efficiency of different types of agricultural production in regions of the European union. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 2019; 33 (1):1036-1051.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. 2019. "Economic resources versus the efficiency of different types of agricultural production in regions of the European union." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 33, no. 1: 1036-1051.
Piotr Borawski; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; Marta Guth; James W. Dunn; Poznan University of Economics and Business; Pennsylvania State University. Supply chain in the milk market in the EU countries. 20th International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2019". New Dimensions in the Development of Society. Home Economics. Finance and Taxes. Bioeconomy. 2019, 1 .
AMA StylePiotr Borawski, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Marta Guth, James W. Dunn, Poznan University of Economics and Business, Pennsylvania State University. Supply chain in the milk market in the EU countries. 20th International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2019". New Dimensions in the Development of Society. Home Economics. Finance and Taxes. Bioeconomy.. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotr Borawski; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; Marta Guth; James W. Dunn; Poznan University of Economics and Business; Pennsylvania State University. 2019. "Supply chain in the milk market in the EU countries." 20th International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2019". New Dimensions in the Development of Society. Home Economics. Finance and Taxes. Bioeconomy. , no. : 1.
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth. Common agricultural policy versus economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural farms in Poland. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 2019, 63, 86 -95.
AMA StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Marta Guth. Common agricultural policy versus economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural farms in Poland. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu. 2019; 63 (10):86-95.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth. 2019. "Common agricultural policy versus economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural farms in Poland." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 63, no. 10: 86-95.
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Sebastian Stępień; Marta Guth. Common Agrucultural Policy And The Sustenable Development Of Farms In Poland After Accession To The European Union. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica 2018, 2, 15 -23.
AMA StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Sebastian Stępień, Marta Guth. Common Agrucultural Policy And The Sustenable Development Of Farms In Poland After Accession To The European Union. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica. 2018; 2 (20):15-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Sebastian Stępień; Marta Guth. 2018. "Common Agrucultural Policy And The Sustenable Development Of Farms In Poland After Accession To The European Union." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica 2, no. 20: 15-23.
The aim of the paper is to determine the influence of the Common Agricultural Policy’s (CAP) subsidies on the level of economic and social sustainability of farms in the European Union countries. Spatial scope covers all EU countries and the time range covers the years of 2005-2015. The main finding is that, thanks to the CAP support, the average income of farm households is approaching the average income of non-agricultural sectors, but distribution of this support is uneven among the farms. This leads to an increase in income disparities for small, medium and large farms. In other words, the EU’s agricultural policy improves the general level of economic sustainability of the agricultural sector, but it is not an instrument serving the income equilibrium (as a social element of sustainability). From the point of view of the sustainable development paradigm, support for agriculture should be continued to prevent deprivation of agricultural income in relation to non-agricultural income. However the structure of CAP support should be changed towards a more equable distribution of money, as it now leads to differentiation of income of small and large farms.
Sebastian Stępień; Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. Rola wspólnej polityki rolnej w kreowaniu dochodów gospodarstw rolnych w Unii Europejskiej w kontekście zrównoważenia ekonomiczno-społecznego. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 2018, 18(33), 295 -305.
AMA StyleSebastian Stępień, Marta Guth, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. Rola wspólnej polityki rolnej w kreowaniu dochodów gospodarstw rolnych w Unii Europejskiej w kontekście zrównoważenia ekonomiczno-społecznego. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego. 2018; 18(33) (3):295-305.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Stępień; Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. 2018. "Rola wspólnej polityki rolnej w kreowaniu dochodów gospodarstw rolnych w Unii Europejskiej w kontekście zrównoważenia ekonomiczno-społecznego." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 3: 295-305.
Streszczenie: Koncepcja zrównoważonego rozwoju powstała w drugiej połowie XX w. i odegrała istotną rolę w określaniu relacji pomiędzy wzrostem gospodarczym, rozwojem społecznym a dbałością o środowisko naturalne. W pierwszym etapie tworzenia się paradygmatu uznawano wyższość kwestii środowiskowych, jednak wraz z postępującą globalizacją coraz częściej zaczęły ujawniać się negatywne efekty natury ekonomiczno-społecznej, związane z nierównomiernych podziałem dochodu, problemem ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego. Kwestia ta została dostrzeżona również na poziomie Unii Europejskiej, m.in. poprzez kreowanie polityk sektorowych, w tym Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej (WPR). Jednym z ważniejszych założeń WPR jest zagwarantowanie godziwego poziomu życia ludności rolniczej i ma ono być realizowane poprzez różne formy wsparcia. Dla podtrzymania zrównoważonego rozwoju należy przyjąć, że mechanizmy wsparcia powinny być tak skonstruowane, aby zapewnić równocześnie wysoki poziom dochodów rolniczych (element ekonomiczny), relatywnie równy ich podział wśród producentów rolnych (element społeczny) i dbałość o środowisko naturalne (element środowiskowy). Celem artykułu jest określenie wpływu WPR na poziom zrównoważenia ekonomiczno-społecznego gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce. Autorzy stawiają hipotezą, że istniejące rozwiązania służą osiąganiu zrównoważenia ekonomicznego (określonego przez relację dochodów rolniczych do pozarolniczych), nie zmniejszają natomiast dysproporcji dochodowych wewnątrz sektora rolnego, co jest elementem zrównoważenia społecznego. W publikacji wykorzystano krytyczną analizę literatury przedmiotu, metaanalizę, metody wnioskowania indukcyjnego, a ponadto wybrane metody analizy ilościowej regresji i analizy panelowej. Zakres podmiotowy obejmuje gospodarstwa rolne należące do systemu FADN, a czasowy – lata 2004–2013.
Sebastian Stępień; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth. Oddziaływanie Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej na zrównoważenie ekonomiczno-społeczne gospodarstw rolnych na przykładzie Polski. Wieś i Rolnictwo 2017, 39 -58.
AMA StyleSebastian Stępień, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Marta Guth. Oddziaływanie Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej na zrównoważenie ekonomiczno-społeczne gospodarstw rolnych na przykładzie Polski. Wieś i Rolnictwo. 2017; (4 (177)):39-58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Stępień; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth. 2017. "Oddziaływanie Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej na zrównoważenie ekonomiczno-społeczne gospodarstw rolnych na przykładzie Polski." Wieś i Rolnictwo , no. 4 (177): 39-58.
The study attempts to answer the question of whether there are differences in the economic and environmental sustainability of individual farms from areas which differ in conditions of resources for individual agriculture after Poland's integration with the EU. The research covered the years 2004-2014, individual FADN farms from each region in Poland, with special consideration of the Wielkopolska region. Research methodologies that were used include: the analysis of dynamics and structure; Ward method of agglomeration analysis by. It has been shown that in the clusters of regions which differ in agrarian structure, differences in economic and environmental sustainability for individual farms can also be found.
Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. Zasoby a zrównoważony rozwój rolnictwa w Polsce po integracji z UE. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 2017, 17(32), 101 -110.
AMA StyleMarta Guth, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. Zasoby a zrównoważony rozwój rolnictwa w Polsce po integracji z UE. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego. 2017; 17(32) (3):101-110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. 2017. "Zasoby a zrównoważony rozwój rolnictwa w Polsce po integracji z UE." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 3: 101-110.
The main aim of the article was to assess the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy subsidies on the income of FADN dairy farms in 2004-2013. The share of total subsidies, including subsidies on investments on farm income per unit of work (FWU) on FADN dairy farms in EU countries, with the division to EU-12 and EU-15, was examined. The trend of family farm income with and without subsidies during the period under review was presented. In order to demonstrate which of the groups of subsidies had the greatest impact on family farm income, a panel regression was conducted. It turned out that the most significant for the FADN dairy farm income in 2005-2013 was decoupled payments and additional aid with other support.
Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. Wpływ subsydiów wspólnej polityki rolnej na dochody gospodarstw mlecznych FADN w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2004-2013. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 2017, 17(32), 53 -62.
AMA StyleMarta Guth, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. Wpływ subsydiów wspólnej polityki rolnej na dochody gospodarstw mlecznych FADN w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2004-2013. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego. 2017; 17(32) (1):53-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. 2017. "Wpływ subsydiów wspólnej polityki rolnej na dochody gospodarstw mlecznych FADN w krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 2004-2013." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 1: 53-62.