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The agricultural sector ensures food security and is a major source of employment, income, and economic activity in rural areas. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) considers that family farms are the key to a sustainable future in Europe and Central Asia. In Romania, small farms represent the pillar on which Romanian society has been developed. Although the trend has been a reduction in the number of small farms and an increase in the number of large farms, the Government of Romania understands the importance of small farms and therefore supports them through policies involving direct payments, rural development instruments, special initiatives, and loans and outstanding obligations, among others, which focus on increasing their economic performance. The aim of our research was to determine the relationship between farmers’ motivation, their job satisfaction, and the farm economic performance in the case of small Romanian farms. The research sample consisted of 900 small farms (utilized agricultural area (UAA): under 20 ha; standard output (SO): under EUR 15,000). The data obtained after applying the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and Amos 24.0. For the exploratory factor analysis, values of Bartlett’s test of sphericity, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were calculated for each dimension of the proposed model. The hypothesis that motivation, job satisfaction, and farm economic performance directly and positively influence each other was confirmed. An important finding was that the correlation coefficient between farmers’ motivation and farm economic performance was ρ = 0.78, while that for the relation between farmers’ job satisfaction and farm economic performance was ρ = 0.53, which was similar to the correlation coefficient calculated for the relationship between farmers’ motivation and farmers’ job satisfaction. This result allows us to conclude that the influence of farmers’ motivation factors on farm economic performance is stronger than the influence of job satisfaction in the case of Romanian farmers on small farms. This might explain why, although work in agriculture is considered to be worse than an office job and the people that work in agriculture are sometimes stigmatized and receive lower incomes, there are still very strong motivators for Romanian farmers to continue their work in agriculture. This is proven by the fact that Romania has the highest number of small farms in Europe, and this number is not decreasing.
Silvia Maican; Andreea Muntean; Carmen Paștiu; Sebastian Stępień; Jan Polcyn; Iulian Dobra; Mălina Dârja; Claudia Moisă. Motivational Factors, Job Satisfaction, and Economic Performance in Romanian Small Farms. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5832 .
AMA StyleSilvia Maican, Andreea Muntean, Carmen Paștiu, Sebastian Stępień, Jan Polcyn, Iulian Dobra, Mălina Dârja, Claudia Moisă. Motivational Factors, Job Satisfaction, and Economic Performance in Romanian Small Farms. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):5832.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilvia Maican; Andreea Muntean; Carmen Paștiu; Sebastian Stępień; Jan Polcyn; Iulian Dobra; Mălina Dârja; Claudia Moisă. 2021. "Motivational Factors, Job Satisfaction, and Economic Performance in Romanian Small Farms." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5832.
Sebastian Stępień; Jan Polcyn; Michał Borychowski. Determinanty zrównoważonego rozwoju ekonomiczno-społecznego rodzinnych gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce. Ekonomista 2021, 1, 1 .
AMA StyleSebastian Stępień, Jan Polcyn, Michał Borychowski. Determinanty zrównoważonego rozwoju ekonomiczno-społecznego rodzinnych gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce. Ekonomista. 2021; 1 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Stępień; Jan Polcyn; Michał Borychowski. 2021. "Determinanty zrównoważonego rozwoju ekonomiczno-społecznego rodzinnych gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce." Ekonomista 1, no. : 1.
We investigated the resilience of small-scale family farms because of the contemporary importance of both the farms’ resilience and the role of these farms in five countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The authors addressed a research gap concerning cross-sectional research on the resilience of farms by combining determinants from various fields. Thus, the primary goal of this article was to identify microeconomic and political factors and links to markets that affect the resilience of small-scale family farms in Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania and Serbia. Using a database of over 3500 farms, the resilience of the farms was calculated, and then the impact of selected factors on that resilience was determined. The research showed that the production scale was the key determinant of the resilience of farms. To achieve higher benefits, increasing the production should be combined with strengthening the market integration of agricultural producers. The position of the producer in the food supply chain determined the income situation of the farm (economic stability). This shaped the quality of life of the family members (social stability). Identifying the effects of those dependencies may provide recommendations for the policy of supporting small-scale family farms in the analysed countries.
Michał Borychowski; Sebastian Stępień; Jan Polcyn; Aleksandra Tošović-Stevanović; Dragan Ćalović; Goran Lalić; Milena Žuža. Socio-Economic Determinants of Small Family Farms’ Resilience in Selected Central and Eastern European Countries. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10362 .
AMA StyleMichał Borychowski, Sebastian Stępień, Jan Polcyn, Aleksandra Tošović-Stevanović, Dragan Ćalović, Goran Lalić, Milena Žuža. Socio-Economic Determinants of Small Family Farms’ Resilience in Selected Central and Eastern European Countries. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Borychowski; Sebastian Stępień; Jan Polcyn; Aleksandra Tošović-Stevanović; Dragan Ćalović; Goran Lalić; Milena Žuža. 2020. "Socio-Economic Determinants of Small Family Farms’ Resilience in Selected Central and Eastern European Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10362.
The concept of eco-efficiency, which can be defined as the simultaneous ability to achieve economic results with the least possible degradation of the environment, has recently become a subject of lively discussion among politicians and scientists. It has also been discussed in the context of small-scale arable farms. Central and Eastern European countries, including Poland, fit perfectly into the issue of small-scale farms eco-efficiency due to their relatively high share in the total number of farms. The implementation of the sustainable agriculture model, however, would not be possible without an efficient institutional environment. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to assess the eco-efficiency of small-scale farms in Poland and to identify the relationship between eco-efficiency and institutional variables according to the framework of New Institutional Economics. The novelty of our approach is that it uses the modified and extended concept of the eco-efficiency, which on the output side includes proxy variables of environmental public goods. As a part of the research procedure, a two-stage analysis was conducted. Firstly, radial eco-efficiency scores and slacks for individual effects were estimated using non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis. Secondly, the relationship between eco-efficiency and institutional explanatory variables was identified based on the double-bootstrapped truncated regression model according to Simar and Wilson procedure. The most eco-efficient farms were those with a relatively larger area, for which agriculture was the main source of income, which used some form of contracting when selling products, which primarily supplied themselves with inputs, and which specialized in permanent and horticultural crops.
Sebastian Stępień; Bazyli Czyżewski; Agnieszka Sapa; Michał Borychowski; Walenty Poczta; Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda. Eco-efficiency of small-scale farming in Poland and its institutional drivers. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 279, 123721 .
AMA StyleSebastian Stępień, Bazyli Czyżewski, Agnieszka Sapa, Michał Borychowski, Walenty Poczta, Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda. Eco-efficiency of small-scale farming in Poland and its institutional drivers. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 279 ():123721.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Stępień; Bazyli Czyżewski; Agnieszka Sapa; Michał Borychowski; Walenty Poczta; Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda. 2020. "Eco-efficiency of small-scale farming in Poland and its institutional drivers." Journal of Cleaner Production 279, no. : 123721.
The problem of food insecurity is generally associated with developing countries, but at the household level it also occurs in developed countries, especially in socially vulnerable groups, such as small-scale farms. However, the issue of food insecurity in developed countries, especially at the household level, is rather neglected in the scientific literature. This study was conducted to fill this gap and examine the level of food insecurity among small-scale farms in Poland. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 710 small-scale farms in Poland. The incidence and degree of food insecurity was measured with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The study found that about 43% of the respondents were exposed to food insecurity, including almost 9% to severe food insecurity, which is well above the average for the entire Polish population. By applying cross-tabulation and the zero-inflated Poisson regression model, the study found that the higher age and secondary or higher education of the farm manager, having children in the household and higher land productivity have a statistically significant negative influence on households’ food insecurity (i.e., decreased HFIAS score). On the contrary, family size of five or more and production type “permanent crops” and “dairy cows” have a statistically significant positive influence on households’ food insecurity (i.e., increased HFIAS score).
Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda; Agnieszka Sapa; Sebastian Stępień; Michał Borychowski. Food Insecurity among Small-Scale Farmers in Poland. Agriculture 2020, 10, 295 .
AMA StyleAgnieszka Poczta-Wajda, Agnieszka Sapa, Sebastian Stępień, Michał Borychowski. Food Insecurity among Small-Scale Farmers in Poland. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (7):295.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgnieszka Poczta-Wajda; Agnieszka Sapa; Sebastian Stępień; Michał Borychowski. 2020. "Food Insecurity among Small-Scale Farmers in Poland." Agriculture 10, no. 7: 295.
The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of the Common Agricultural Policy’s (CAP) subsidies on the level of economic sustainability of farms by means of three-fold study. To determine the economic sustainability of farms the authors applied the income gap ratio. Next, the level of income differentiation between farms of various economic classes was established. The last part consisted of the recognition of statistically significant CAP schemes that shape agricultural income in farms of different size and in assessing how the respective subsidies should increase or decrease to fill the recognized gap, based on the coefficients of panel regression. The spatial scope covered all EU countries in 2005–2015. Results show that due to the CAP’s support the average income of farms has approached the average non-agricultural income, but distribution of this support favored the largest farms, increasing disparities within the sector.
Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Bazyli Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries. Agriculture 2020, 10, 34 .
AMA StyleMarta Guth, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Bazyli Czyżewski, Sebastian Stępień. The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (2):34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Bazyli Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. 2020. "The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries." Agriculture 10, no. 2: 34.
The aim of the article is to present the situation of the sugar beet and sugar market in Poland in the context of changes to the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, and to present prospects for the development of these markets until 2030. The authors prove that, due to the significance of these markets for the whole agricultural sector, an intervention policy regarding the sugar beet and sugar markets is crucial, which is indicated by various positive economic and environmental effects connected with the functioning of this sector. The necessity for intervention stems also from the observed volatility of production, prices and incomes. The spatial scope of the research encompasses the whole area of Poland by applying a regional approach in some analyses (voivodeships) and a comparison with the Member States of the EU. The analyses cover a period of over 20 years – from 1997/1998 to 2018/2019 – as well as a projection for 2030.
Michał Borychowski; Anna Matuszczak; Sebastian Stępień. SUGAR MARKET IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY. CURRENT SITUATION, TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 2019, 18, 5 -13.
AMA StyleMichał Borychowski, Anna Matuszczak, Sebastian Stępień. SUGAR MARKET IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY. CURRENT SITUATION, TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia. 2019; 18 (4):5-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Borychowski; Anna Matuszczak; Sebastian Stępień. 2019. "SUGAR MARKET IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUPPORT OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY. CURRENT SITUATION, TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, no. 4: 5-13.
Sustainable development plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth, social development and care for the natural environment. The issue was also noticed at the level of the European Union, which is expressed among others by creating sectoral policies, including the Common Agricultural Policy. The aim of the article is to determine the influence of the Common Agricultural Policy on the level of socio-economic sustainability of farms in Poland. The authors formulate a hypothesis that the existing solutions serve the achievement of economic sustainability, determined by the agricultural to non-agricultural income ratio, but they do not provide sustainability of farms in terms of the social element understood as taking income disparities into consideration. In the article, panel regression and the ratio of income from representative FADN farms to average annual gross salary per employee in Poland in the years 2004–2017 were used. It was found that thanks to the support from the Common Agricultural Policy, the average income of farms comes close to the average income of the non-agricultural sector. However, the influence of the subsidies on changes in economic sustainability was uneven in various economic size classes of farms—the strongest farms benefited the most, which means that social sustainability in terms of equal distribution of income was not achieved.
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth; Sebastian Stępień; Agnieszka Brelik. The Influence of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on the Socio-Economic Sustainability of Farms (the Case of Poland). Sustainability 2019, 11, 7173 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Marta Guth, Sebastian Stępień, Agnieszka Brelik. The Influence of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on the Socio-Economic Sustainability of Farms (the Case of Poland). Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth; Sebastian Stępień; Agnieszka Brelik. 2019. "The Influence of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on the Socio-Economic Sustainability of Farms (the Case of Poland)." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7173.
Summary The agricultural policy of the European Union - Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) - was introduced in the 1960s as the first EU policy. Over the next decades it constituted the largest share in the expenditure of the EU budget. Today, although cohesion policy has replaced it in the first place, it is still being prioritized by the countries of the Community. Observation of the next financial perspectives, however, allows to conclude that the nature of the CAP is changing, which is a manifestation of the evolution of views on the role of the food sector in the economic development of the European Union. The aim of the study is to indicate the directions of reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy during its sixty-year functioning, the reasons for these changes and the consequences they have had for the agricultural sector in EU countries. These outcomes were supplemented by outlining the perspectives for the development of the EU agricultural policy in the coming years. The authors focused on the basic instruments of the CAP including income-generating, environmental and rural development-related. On the basis of the analysis of objectives and instruments of the CAP, it was stated that it departed from traditional market support to create more sophisticated intervention related to the changing macroeconomic conditions and expectations of the society. The paper is a review, with elements of meta-analysis, deduction and inductive reasoning.
Sebastian Stępień; Andrzej Czyżewski. Quo vadis Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union? Management 2019, 23, 295 -309.
AMA StyleSebastian Stępień, Andrzej Czyżewski. Quo vadis Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union? Management. 2019; 23 (2):295-309.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Stępień; Andrzej Czyżewski. 2019. "Quo vadis Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union?" Management 23, no. 2: 295-309.
The aim of the paper is to determine the influence of the Common Agricultural Policy’s (CAP) subsidies on the level of economic and social sustainability of farms in the European Union countries. Spatial scope covers all EU countries and the time range covers the years of 2005-2015. The main finding is that, thanks to the CAP support, the average income of farm households is approaching the average income of non-agricultural sectors, but distribution of this support is uneven among the farms. This leads to an increase in income disparities for small, medium and large farms. In other words, the EU’s agricultural policy improves the general level of economic sustainability of the agricultural sector, but it is not an instrument serving the income equilibrium (as a social element of sustainability). From the point of view of the sustainable development paradigm, support for agriculture should be continued to prevent deprivation of agricultural income in relation to non-agricultural income. However the structure of CAP support should be changed towards a more equable distribution of money, as it now leads to differentiation of income of small and large farms.
Sebastian Stępień; Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. Rola wspólnej polityki rolnej w kreowaniu dochodów gospodarstw rolnych w Unii Europejskiej w kontekście zrównoważenia ekonomiczno-społecznego. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 2018, 18(33), 295 -305.
AMA StyleSebastian Stępień, Marta Guth, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. Rola wspólnej polityki rolnej w kreowaniu dochodów gospodarstw rolnych w Unii Europejskiej w kontekście zrównoważenia ekonomiczno-społecznego. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego. 2018; 18(33) (3):295-305.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Stępień; Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży. 2018. "Rola wspólnej polityki rolnej w kreowaniu dochodów gospodarstw rolnych w Unii Europejskiej w kontekście zrównoważenia ekonomiczno-społecznego." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 3: 295-305.
Andrzej Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. DISCOVERING ECONOMICS IN THE EU’S COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE NEW PERIOD 2021–2026. Economic Sciences for Agribusiness and Rural Economy 2018, 154 -161.
AMA StyleAndrzej Czyżewski, Sebastian Stępień. DISCOVERING ECONOMICS IN THE EU’S COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE NEW PERIOD 2021–2026. Economic Sciences for Agribusiness and Rural Economy. 2018; (1):154-161.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. 2018. "DISCOVERING ECONOMICS IN THE EU’S COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE NEW PERIOD 2021–2026." Economic Sciences for Agribusiness and Rural Economy , no. 1: 154-161.
Streszczenie: Koncepcja zrównoważonego rozwoju powstała w drugiej połowie XX w. i odegrała istotną rolę w określaniu relacji pomiędzy wzrostem gospodarczym, rozwojem społecznym a dbałością o środowisko naturalne. W pierwszym etapie tworzenia się paradygmatu uznawano wyższość kwestii środowiskowych, jednak wraz z postępującą globalizacją coraz częściej zaczęły ujawniać się negatywne efekty natury ekonomiczno-społecznej, związane z nierównomiernych podziałem dochodu, problemem ubóstwa i wykluczenia społecznego. Kwestia ta została dostrzeżona również na poziomie Unii Europejskiej, m.in. poprzez kreowanie polityk sektorowych, w tym Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej (WPR). Jednym z ważniejszych założeń WPR jest zagwarantowanie godziwego poziomu życia ludności rolniczej i ma ono być realizowane poprzez różne formy wsparcia. Dla podtrzymania zrównoważonego rozwoju należy przyjąć, że mechanizmy wsparcia powinny być tak skonstruowane, aby zapewnić równocześnie wysoki poziom dochodów rolniczych (element ekonomiczny), relatywnie równy ich podział wśród producentów rolnych (element społeczny) i dbałość o środowisko naturalne (element środowiskowy). Celem artykułu jest określenie wpływu WPR na poziom zrównoważenia ekonomiczno-społecznego gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce. Autorzy stawiają hipotezą, że istniejące rozwiązania służą osiąganiu zrównoważenia ekonomicznego (określonego przez relację dochodów rolniczych do pozarolniczych), nie zmniejszają natomiast dysproporcji dochodowych wewnątrz sektora rolnego, co jest elementem zrównoważenia społecznego. W publikacji wykorzystano krytyczną analizę literatury przedmiotu, metaanalizę, metody wnioskowania indukcyjnego, a ponadto wybrane metody analizy ilościowej regresji i analizy panelowej. Zakres podmiotowy obejmuje gospodarstwa rolne należące do systemu FADN, a czasowy – lata 2004–2013.
Sebastian Stępień; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth. Oddziaływanie Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej na zrównoważenie ekonomiczno-społeczne gospodarstw rolnych na przykładzie Polski. Wieś i Rolnictwo 2017, 39 -58.
AMA StyleSebastian Stępień, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Marta Guth. Oddziaływanie Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej na zrównoważenie ekonomiczno-społeczne gospodarstw rolnych na przykładzie Polski. Wieś i Rolnictwo. 2017; (4 (177)):39-58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Stępień; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth. 2017. "Oddziaływanie Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej na zrównoważenie ekonomiczno-społeczne gospodarstw rolnych na przykładzie Polski." Wieś i Rolnictwo , no. 4 (177): 39-58.
Sebastian Stępień; Andrzej Czyżewski. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 2014-2020. REMINISCENCES AND PROJECTION. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 2015, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleSebastian Stępień, Andrzej Czyżewski. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 2014-2020. REMINISCENCES AND PROJECTION. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development. 2015; 10 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Stępień; Andrzej Czyżewski. 2015. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 2014-2020. REMINISCENCES AND PROJECTION." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 10, no. 4: 1.
Summary The objective of the paper is to present the results of negotiations on the EU budget for 2014-2020, with particular emphasis on the Common Agricultural Policy. Authors indicate the steps for establishing the budget, from the proposal of the European Commission presented in 2011, ending with the draft of UE budget agreed at the meeting of the European Council on February 2013 and the meeting of the AGRIFISH on March 2013 and then approved by the political agreement of the European Commission, European Parliament and European Council on June 2013. In this context, there will be an assessment of the new budget from the point of view of Polish economy and agriculture.
Andrzej Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. Budget of the EU and Common Agricultural Policy for 2014-2020 in the light of the polish interests. Management 2014, 18, 473 -487.
AMA StyleAndrzej Czyżewski, Sebastian Stępień. Budget of the EU and Common Agricultural Policy for 2014-2020 in the light of the polish interests. Management. 2014; 18 (1):473-487.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzej Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. 2014. "Budget of the EU and Common Agricultural Policy for 2014-2020 in the light of the polish interests." Management 18, no. 1: 473-487.