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Economic sustainability plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth and social development. The importance of answering the question about the level of sustainability of family farms results from the fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, apart from exceptions (e.g., the Czech Republic and Slovakia), are characterized by a fragmented agrarian structure. Hence, the main goal of this article was to answer two questions: (1) whether the countries of Central and Eastern Europe differ in the level of economic sustainability of small family farms; and (2) whether the same socioeconomic factors impact similarly on the level of economic sustainability of small family farms from countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The study was based on surveys conducted in small family farms: in 2018 from Poland (672 farms) and in 2019 in four other countries (Lithuania; 999 farms, Romania; 834 farms, Serbia; 523 farms, Moldova; 530 farms). The publication includes a critical analysis of the literature, structure analysis and correlation analysis. The results show the occurrence of large differences between the economic sustainability of small family farms from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The research indicates that the larger the area of a small-scale family farm, the greater its economic sustainability. The productivity of these farms increases with their economic sustainability. The results also prove a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and the economic sustainability of their farm in all analysed countries. These trends were found in all analysed countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The results of the analyses support the conclusion that agricultural policy instruments aimed at increasing the economic sustainability of small family farms should lead to: land consolidation, a decrease in the age of farm owners through generational changes, and a decrease in employment in agriculture, which would lead to a reduction in labour input in the agricultural sector.
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth; Adam Majchrzak; Andreea Muntean; Silvia Maican. The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8262 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Marta Guth, Adam Majchrzak, Andreea Muntean, Silvia Maican. The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8262.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth; Adam Majchrzak; Andreea Muntean; Silvia Maican. 2021. "The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8262.
Many authors emphasize that reducing the income deprivation of the agricultural sector in relation to the non-agricultural sectors is a prerequisite to the growth of sustainability of agriculture. Thus, this raises the question: despite the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the value of agricultural income in EU countries, is there still income deprivation for agriculture in relation to non-agricultural sectors? If so, is its depth comparable among farms with a different scale of production from the same EU country or among farms with the same scale of production from different countries? The answers to these questions constitute the added value of the article. The aim of the paper is to compare the ratio of agricultural income to non-agricultural income in regard to family farms in EU countries. Results show that the CAP solutions do limit the agricultural income disparities but that there are significant differences in the income deprivation of farms with different production values in the same country. These differences also apply to farms with a similar production volume in different countries. This publication includes critical analysis of literature, spatial-analysis and panel regression. The time scale of the research is 2004–2017, the spatial scope is individual EU countries and the subjective scope is representative EU Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) farms.
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Anna Matuszczak; Ryszard Kata; Piotr Kułyk. The Relationship of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Income and Its Variability in Regard to Farms in the European Union Countries. Agriculture 2021, 11, 196 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Anna Matuszczak, Ryszard Kata, Piotr Kułyk. The Relationship of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Income and Its Variability in Regard to Farms in the European Union Countries. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (3):196.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Anna Matuszczak; Ryszard Kata; Piotr Kułyk. 2021. "The Relationship of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Income and Its Variability in Regard to Farms in the European Union Countries." Agriculture 11, no. 3: 196.
In macroeconomic analyses usually a simple proportional trade-off between economic growth and environmental pressure is assumed, i.e. constant return to scale (CRS). In this study authors show how changing CRS assumption affects environmental policy effectiveness based on Polish example. The problem revealed in the conducted analysis is actual in many countries, where the local perspective may efface global threats. The empirical objective of this paper is to assess cost-effectiveness of environmental policies at the county level under various return to scale (RTS) scenarios. First, environmental pressure was measured in four dimensions: air, soil, water pollution and bio-uniformity; second, the double-bootstrapped truncated regression model under different RTS were estimated, verifying the cost-effectiveness of county and transnational policies. The results send a message that the adoption of CRS assumption recommended in a such case by literature and usually followed by local authorities may lead to misleading assessment of the eco-efficiency level. It was found that local policy loses its impact on the eco-efficiency under VRS and 40% of local authorities in Poland can no longer benefit from economies of scale. The article offers original methodology, first, for measuring eco-efficiency in macroeconomic approach, second, a frontier-based cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), adopting the double-bootstrapped modelling procedure.
Bazyli Czyżewski; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska. Impact of environmental policy on eco-efficiency in country districts in Poland: How does the decreasing return to scale change perspectives? Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2020, 84, 106431 .
AMA StyleBazyli Czyżewski, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska. Impact of environmental policy on eco-efficiency in country districts in Poland: How does the decreasing return to scale change perspectives? Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2020; 84 ():106431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBazyli Czyżewski; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska. 2020. "Impact of environmental policy on eco-efficiency in country districts in Poland: How does the decreasing return to scale change perspectives?" Environmental Impact Assessment Review 84, no. : 106431.
With increased competition for scarce public financial resources and increased pressure on environmental policy, it is necessary to determine the effectiveness of current environmental policy. Therefore, the aim of this article was to determine the deadweight loss in public spending on the preservation of environment quality, including national expenditures, and the Common Agricultural Policy in individual EU countries between the years of 2005–2016. To determine the relative differences in efficiency on environmental policy between EU countries, bootstrapped data envelopment analysis and Malmquist total factor productivity index decomposition was used. It was found that, generally, the environmental prospects for European countries has improved over the last decade and have been reversely correlated to the deadweight loss. However, the inefficiency level of EU countries’ policy, is on average, relatively higher than what was reported in different regions of the world. The highest efficiency of environmental spending has been, therefore, achieved in Central-Eastern European and Scandinavian countries and Spain.
Bazyli Czyżewski; Anna Matuszczak; Jan Polcyn; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Jakub Staniszewski. Deadweight loss in environmental policy: The case of the European Union member states. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 260, 121064 .
AMA StyleBazyli Czyżewski, Anna Matuszczak, Jan Polcyn, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Jakub Staniszewski. Deadweight loss in environmental policy: The case of the European Union member states. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 260 ():121064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBazyli Czyżewski; Anna Matuszczak; Jan Polcyn; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Jakub Staniszewski. 2020. "Deadweight loss in environmental policy: The case of the European Union member states." Journal of Cleaner Production 260, no. : 121064.
The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of the Common Agricultural Policy’s (CAP) subsidies on the level of economic sustainability of farms by means of three-fold study. To determine the economic sustainability of farms the authors applied the income gap ratio. Next, the level of income differentiation between farms of various economic classes was established. The last part consisted of the recognition of statistically significant CAP schemes that shape agricultural income in farms of different size and in assessing how the respective subsidies should increase or decrease to fill the recognized gap, based on the coefficients of panel regression. The spatial scope covered all EU countries in 2005–2015. Results show that due to the CAP’s support the average income of farms has approached the average non-agricultural income, but distribution of this support favored the largest farms, increasing disparities within the sector.
Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Bazyli Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries. Agriculture 2020, 10, 34 .
AMA StyleMarta Guth, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Bazyli Czyżewski, Sebastian Stępień. The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (2):34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Bazyli Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. 2020. "The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries." Agriculture 10, no. 2: 34.
The aim of paper is to answer to the question whether the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy reduces the differences in the average agricultural income between the EU-15 countries and those that joined the EU in 2004. The hypothesis was assumed that the CAP subsidies reduce the differences in agricultural income between these two groups of countries. Spreads between average income of farmers from the old and new members were calculated. The analysis is carried out in two variants. In the first one, the agricultural income does not include the CAP support, in the second one the agricultural income covers all CAP subsidies. The spatial scope of research involves two groups of countries: EU-15 (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Finland, Austria and Sweden) and EU-8 (the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Hungary and Slovenia). The subjective scope of the survey covers representative farms from the EU countries (representing 4,045,300–5,295,930 farms in the EU countries, depending on the investigated year). The time frame of the analyses concerns the years 2005–2017. The data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) are used. The study positively verifies the hypothesis that: subsidies from the CAP cause a decrease in the differences in average agricultural income between the EU-15 and the EU-8 countries. This contributes to an increase in economic sustainability and in the territorial cohesion of agriculture for the EU countries.
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Agnieszka Sapa. The impact of agricultural policy on income diversity among farmers in the European Union in 2005–2017. Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 2020, 63, 195 -209.
AMA StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Agnieszka Sapa. The impact of agricultural policy on income diversity among farmers in the European Union in 2005–2017. Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy. 2020; 63 (3):195-209.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Agnieszka Sapa. 2020. "The impact of agricultural policy on income diversity among farmers in the European Union in 2005–2017." Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 63, no. 3: 195-209.
Sustainable development plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth, social development and care for the natural environment. The issue was also noticed at the level of the European Union, which is expressed among others by creating sectoral policies, including the Common Agricultural Policy. The aim of the article is to determine the influence of the Common Agricultural Policy on the level of socio-economic sustainability of farms in Poland. The authors formulate a hypothesis that the existing solutions serve the achievement of economic sustainability, determined by the agricultural to non-agricultural income ratio, but they do not provide sustainability of farms in terms of the social element understood as taking income disparities into consideration. In the article, panel regression and the ratio of income from representative FADN farms to average annual gross salary per employee in Poland in the years 2004–2017 were used. It was found that thanks to the support from the Common Agricultural Policy, the average income of farms comes close to the average income of the non-agricultural sector. However, the influence of the subsidies on changes in economic sustainability was uneven in various economic size classes of farms—the strongest farms benefited the most, which means that social sustainability in terms of equal distribution of income was not achieved.
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth; Sebastian Stępień; Agnieszka Brelik. The Influence of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on the Socio-Economic Sustainability of Farms (the Case of Poland). Sustainability 2019, 11, 7173 .
AMA StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Marta Guth, Sebastian Stępień, Agnieszka Brelik. The Influence of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on the Socio-Economic Sustainability of Farms (the Case of Poland). Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth; Sebastian Stępień; Agnieszka Brelik. 2019. "The Influence of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy on the Socio-Economic Sustainability of Farms (the Case of Poland)." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7173.
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth. Common agricultural policy versus economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural farms in Poland. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 2019, 63, 86 -95.
AMA StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Marta Guth. Common agricultural policy versus economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural farms in Poland. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu. 2019; 63 (10):86-95.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Marta Guth. 2019. "Common agricultural policy versus economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural farms in Poland." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 63, no. 10: 86-95.