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Prof. Bazyli Czyzewski
Poznan University of Economics

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Eco-efficiency
0 Environmental Policy
0 Macroeconomics
0 Sustainable Agriculture
0 Sustainable Development

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Eco-efficiency
Environmental Policy
Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable Development
Structural Equation Model
Institutional Economics
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY

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Short Biography

Bazyli Czyżewski, Ph.D. (hab.) Full Professor, Poznan University of Economics and Business (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6324-2723; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bazyli_Czyzewski). Born July 29, 1977 in Poznań. Obtained Ph.D. in the discipline of economics in 2013, and full professor title in economics on 11 March 2019. Author or co-author of over 160 scientific publications. He conducts research in the field of agricultural economics, sustainable development economics, institutional economics, macroeconomics, and economic theory concerning i.a. political rents, public goods, input-output and efficiency analyses. He publishes in such journals as among others: Science of the Total Environment, Journal of Cleaner Production, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Land Use Policy, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, Outlook on Agriculture, Agricultural Economics (AGRICECON), and Agriculture (Basel).

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Journal article
Published: 18 January 2021 in Agriculture
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Although sustainable development is a topic broadly discussed in the literature in relation to existing policy stimulus, a holistic approach to the implementation of sustainability in agriculture—for which there are three dimensions (economic, social and environmental)—is still missing. A regional approach, which averages the entire EU region, could therefore be useful in the long term for recommending directional guidelines for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of key groups of CAP instruments and factor intensity on the three above-mentioned aspects of sustainability in the 2004–2017 period, with the assumption that they are all reciprocally related. This goal was achieved by measuring sustainability using the modified sustainable value approach combined with frontier-based nonparametric assessment and applying structural equation modelling, including multilevel random intercept. This research highlights trade-offs between environmental, economic and social efficiency and checks the impact of the EU CAP schemes on the sustainability of environmental, economic, and social dimensions in agriculture. Despite common indications of trade-offs, particularly between economic performance and eco-efficiency, our study shows that in the long term, such feedback has not occurred in any EU regions. Moreover, there are positive interactions between all three dimensions of sustainability from a cross-sectional perspective. The analysis of the impact of CAP subsidies proves that the current system of agri-environmental, set-aside and rural development payments has been effective in the long term, although broader implementation of environmental schemes in regions with lower labour productivity may negatively affect social sustainability.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Marta Guth. Impact of Policy and Factor Intensity on Sustainable Value of European Agriculture: Exploring Trade-Offs of Environmental, Economic and Social Efficiency at the Regional Level. Agriculture 2021, 11, 78 .

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyżewski, Marta Guth. Impact of Policy and Factor Intensity on Sustainable Value of European Agriculture: Exploring Trade-Offs of Environmental, Economic and Social Efficiency at the Regional Level. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (1):78.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Marta Guth. 2021. "Impact of Policy and Factor Intensity on Sustainable Value of European Agriculture: Exploring Trade-Offs of Environmental, Economic and Social Efficiency at the Regional Level." Agriculture 11, no. 1: 78.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2021 in Agriculture
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Human capital (HC) plays an important role in modern agriculture. The difference in efficiency of assets explains only about a half of the economic performance of agricultural farms, while the other half relies on HC. Although education and training are the main components of HC, it may also be viewed from the perspective of behavioral theories that were taken under consideration in this study. The role of HC in sustainable farming has not been sufficiently explained when it comes to contractual governance (CG). In this study, the meaning of contractual governance was extended and the eco-contractual governance (ECG) concept was proposed, which stands for CG induced by agri-environmental contracts. The main objective of the article is to confirm the latent concepts of HC and ECG and to verify their correlation in view of the standards imposed by the agricultural policy. To achieve this goal, a structural equation model was developed and simultaneous confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal variables was carried out based on the sample of 674 small farms in Poland. The analysis has confirmed a relatively strong correlation between HC and ECG. It was revealed that training plays a crucial role in this relationship, while economic dependence on agricultural policy weakens the effectiveness of both HC and ECG.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Agnieszka Sapa; Piotr Kułyk. Human Capital and Eco-Contractual Governance in Small Farms in Poland: Simultaneous Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Ordinal Variables. Agriculture 2021, 11, 46 .

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyżewski, Agnieszka Sapa, Piotr Kułyk. Human Capital and Eco-Contractual Governance in Small Farms in Poland: Simultaneous Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Ordinal Variables. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (1):46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Agnieszka Sapa; Piotr Kułyk. 2021. "Human Capital and Eco-Contractual Governance in Small Farms in Poland: Simultaneous Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Ordinal Variables." Agriculture 11, no. 1: 46.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The concept of eco-efficiency, which can be defined as the simultaneous ability to achieve economic results with the least possible degradation of the environment, has recently become a subject of lively discussion among politicians and scientists. It has also been discussed in the context of small-scale arable farms. Central and Eastern European countries, including Poland, fit perfectly into the issue of small-scale farms eco-efficiency due to their relatively high share in the total number of farms. The implementation of the sustainable agriculture model, however, would not be possible without an efficient institutional environment. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to assess the eco-efficiency of small-scale farms in Poland and to identify the relationship between eco-efficiency and institutional variables according to the framework of New Institutional Economics. The novelty of our approach is that it uses the modified and extended concept of the eco-efficiency, which on the output side includes proxy variables of environmental public goods. As a part of the research procedure, a two-stage analysis was conducted. Firstly, radial eco-efficiency scores and slacks for individual effects were estimated using non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis. Secondly, the relationship between eco-efficiency and institutional explanatory variables was identified based on the double-bootstrapped truncated regression model according to Simar and Wilson procedure. The most eco-efficient farms were those with a relatively larger area, for which agriculture was the main source of income, which used some form of contracting when selling products, which primarily supplied themselves with inputs, and which specialized in permanent and horticultural crops.

ACS Style

Sebastian Stępień; Bazyli Czyżewski; Agnieszka Sapa; Michał Borychowski; Walenty Poczta; Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda. Eco-efficiency of small-scale farming in Poland and its institutional drivers. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 279, 123721 .

AMA Style

Sebastian Stępień, Bazyli Czyżewski, Agnieszka Sapa, Michał Borychowski, Walenty Poczta, Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda. Eco-efficiency of small-scale farming in Poland and its institutional drivers. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 279 ():123721.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sebastian Stępień; Bazyli Czyżewski; Agnieszka Sapa; Michał Borychowski; Walenty Poczta; Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda. 2020. "Eco-efficiency of small-scale farming in Poland and its institutional drivers." Journal of Cleaner Production 279, no. : 123721.

Original article
Published: 08 July 2020 in Sustainability Science
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The conflict between capital-intensive agriculture, often called industrial agriculture, and sustainable farming is ongoing, and not because of Western European countries, where intensification is increasingly sustainable. It is caused by several million small farms in Central and Eastern Europe that must choose a long-term development path. This is also a dilemma for agricultural policy: Are small farms so environmentally friendly that they should play the role of ‘landscape guardians’ at the expense of public support and economic vegetation, or should they strive to improve productivity through investments? This study offers a methodological contribution to the value-based sustainability approach by computing indicators of environmental sustainable value (ESV). The authors have attempted to combine the value-oriented approach with frontier benchmarking. They then tested how the European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) schemes contribute to ESV using a long-term panel of regionally representative farms from Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) with regard to factor endowments, for the years 2004–2017. The seminal within–between specification was employed to control the time variant and time invariant space heterogeneity of European regions. The main finding is that higher investment support is beneficial to ESV. Regarding factor endowment influence, there was a positive impact of the capital–labour ratio. Except the cross-sectional impact of environmental subsidies, the payments exert a negative effect on ESV.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Anna Matuszczak; Aleksander Grzelak; Marta Guth; Adam Majchrzak. Environmental sustainable value in agriculture revisited: How does Common Agricultural Policy contribute to eco-efficiency? Sustainability Science 2020, 16, 137 -152.

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyżewski, Anna Matuszczak, Aleksander Grzelak, Marta Guth, Adam Majchrzak. Environmental sustainable value in agriculture revisited: How does Common Agricultural Policy contribute to eco-efficiency? Sustainability Science. 2020; 16 (1):137-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Anna Matuszczak; Aleksander Grzelak; Marta Guth; Adam Majchrzak. 2020. "Environmental sustainable value in agriculture revisited: How does Common Agricultural Policy contribute to eco-efficiency?" Sustainability Science 16, no. 1: 137-152.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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The American literature on political ecology suggests that there is a significant link between the rule of a given political party (Republicans or Democrats) on both national and local level and the environmental policy pursued. When the latter party is in power, environmental budget is larger and local governments are more likely to adopt environmentally sustainable policies. However, the political context of European countries is usually much more complex, as there exist different hybrids of economic views and core social values which so far have gathered a little attention with regard to its impact on eco-efficiency. There is a need to analyse which types of political beliefs are correlated with higher level of environmental performance. Hence, the main goal of this paper is to estimate the impact of long-term political preferences on the eco-efficiency levels of Polish country districts. Eco-efficiency was calculated as a ratio of economic development and environmental pressure in four dimensions: soil pollution, water pollution, air pollution, and bio-uniformity. Double bootstrapped truncated regression was used to capture the effects of the political views proxied by electoral decisions and individual willingness to adopt agri-environmental schemes. The analysis was complemented with spatial autoregressive modelling. The most important finding was that local authorities from large parties are more eco-efficient than local committees. Simultaneously, left-wing (but market liberal) views were correlated with higher eco-efficiency levels in relation to other political options. Higher share of councillors with university degrees and subsidies under common agricultural policy were further positive determinants of eco-efficiency.

ACS Style

Anna Matuszczak; Łukasz Kryszak; Bazyli Czyżewski; Artur Łopatka. Environment and political economics: Left-wing liberalism or conservative leftism - Which is better for eco-efficiency? Evidence from Poland. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 743, 140779 .

AMA Style

Anna Matuszczak, Łukasz Kryszak, Bazyli Czyżewski, Artur Łopatka. Environment and political economics: Left-wing liberalism or conservative leftism - Which is better for eco-efficiency? Evidence from Poland. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 743 ():140779.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Matuszczak; Łukasz Kryszak; Bazyli Czyżewski; Artur Łopatka. 2020. "Environment and political economics: Left-wing liberalism or conservative leftism - Which is better for eco-efficiency? Evidence from Poland." Science of The Total Environment 743, no. : 140779.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2020 in Environmental Impact Assessment Review
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In macroeconomic analyses usually a simple proportional trade-off between economic growth and environmental pressure is assumed, i.e. constant return to scale (CRS). In this study authors show how changing CRS assumption affects environmental policy effectiveness based on Polish example. The problem revealed in the conducted analysis is actual in many countries, where the local perspective may efface global threats. The empirical objective of this paper is to assess cost-effectiveness of environmental policies at the county level under various return to scale (RTS) scenarios. First, environmental pressure was measured in four dimensions: air, soil, water pollution and bio-uniformity; second, the double-bootstrapped truncated regression model under different RTS were estimated, verifying the cost-effectiveness of county and transnational policies. The results send a message that the adoption of CRS assumption recommended in a such case by literature and usually followed by local authorities may lead to misleading assessment of the eco-efficiency level. It was found that local policy loses its impact on the eco-efficiency under VRS and 40% of local authorities in Poland can no longer benefit from economies of scale. The article offers original methodology, first, for measuring eco-efficiency in macroeconomic approach, second, a frontier-based cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), adopting the double-bootstrapped modelling procedure.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska. Impact of environmental policy on eco-efficiency in country districts in Poland: How does the decreasing return to scale change perspectives? Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2020, 84, 106431 .

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyżewski, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska. Impact of environmental policy on eco-efficiency in country districts in Poland: How does the decreasing return to scale change perspectives? Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2020; 84 ():106431.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska. 2020. "Impact of environmental policy on eco-efficiency in country districts in Poland: How does the decreasing return to scale change perspectives?" Environmental Impact Assessment Review 84, no. : 106431.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2020 in Land Use Policy
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Rural areas are where many environmental and cultural public goods occur, creating a country landscape. Their agro-ecological infrastructure delivers things people directly value, such as food, fibre and energy, but the market fails when it comes to the valuation of public goods. For this purpose, indirect valuation methods are used, but these encounter many methodological problems. The aim of this study is to create a conceptual framework for the economic rent valuation (ERV) method, which estimates the economic rent resulting from the random endogenous influences of public goods on production factors in rural areas. The ERV method attempts to reduce the biases of the market-based and contingent valuation methods that result from the model misspecification and unrevealed preferences, and advocates for adoption of the variance component model. The article also presents an illustrative application of ERV based on the case of the West Pomeranian region of Poland, which reveals the potential advantages of ERV.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Anna Matuszczak; Andrzej Czyżewski; Agnieszka Brelik. Public goods in rural areas as endogenous drivers of income: Developing a framework for country landscape valuation. Land Use Policy 2020, 107, 104646 .

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyżewski, Anna Matuszczak, Andrzej Czyżewski, Agnieszka Brelik. Public goods in rural areas as endogenous drivers of income: Developing a framework for country landscape valuation. Land Use Policy. 2020; 107 ():104646.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Anna Matuszczak; Andrzej Czyżewski; Agnieszka Brelik. 2020. "Public goods in rural areas as endogenous drivers of income: Developing a framework for country landscape valuation." Land Use Policy 107, no. : 104646.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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A significant part of the common agricultural policy (CAP) focuses on implementing environmentally friendly practices, which have been evaluated in many studies. However, these analyses do not usually consider spatial spillovers that may concern pollution and biodiversity, as well as participation in policy schemes. Most studies evaluate national environmental policies at the macroeconomic level, focusing on cities. However, the majority of natural resources are in rural districts, and environmental policy is mainly implemented at the local level, where most of the budgets for environmental protection are decided. Thus, in this paper, our first objective is to assess the cost-effectiveness of Poland's environmental policy schemes, combining local expenditures at the county level with the CAP's green schemes. Additionally, we investigate the spatial (neighbourhood) effects of environment quality and the policy, as well as their mutual interactions. First, the environmental quality at the county level is proxied by the composite environmental quality index (CEQI); second, the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) with endogenous covariates is estimated. Third, the interactions among the policy's spatial effects are explored using the structural equation model (SEM). We find that the CAP's green component not only positively affects the environmental quality in the long term but also generates positive spillovers that have been hitherto underestimated.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Radoslaw Trojanek; Maciej Dzikuć; Andrzej Czyżewski. Cost-effectiveness of the common agricultural policy and environmental policy in country districts: Spatial spillovers of pollution, bio-uniformity and green schemes in Poland. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 726, 138254 .

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyżewski, Radoslaw Trojanek, Maciej Dzikuć, Andrzej Czyżewski. Cost-effectiveness of the common agricultural policy and environmental policy in country districts: Spatial spillovers of pollution, bio-uniformity and green schemes in Poland. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 726 ():138254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Radoslaw Trojanek; Maciej Dzikuć; Andrzej Czyżewski. 2020. "Cost-effectiveness of the common agricultural policy and environmental policy in country districts: Spatial spillovers of pollution, bio-uniformity and green schemes in Poland." Science of The Total Environment 726, no. : 138254.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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With increased competition for scarce public financial resources and increased pressure on environmental policy, it is necessary to determine the effectiveness of current environmental policy. Therefore, the aim of this article was to determine the deadweight loss in public spending on the preservation of environment quality, including national expenditures, and the Common Agricultural Policy in individual EU countries between the years of 2005–2016. To determine the relative differences in efficiency on environmental policy between EU countries, bootstrapped data envelopment analysis and Malmquist total factor productivity index decomposition was used. It was found that, generally, the environmental prospects for European countries has improved over the last decade and have been reversely correlated to the deadweight loss. However, the inefficiency level of EU countries’ policy, is on average, relatively higher than what was reported in different regions of the world. The highest efficiency of environmental spending has been, therefore, achieved in Central-Eastern European and Scandinavian countries and Spain.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Anna Matuszczak; Jan Polcyn; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Jakub Staniszewski. Deadweight loss in environmental policy: The case of the European Union member states. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 260, 121064 .

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyżewski, Anna Matuszczak, Jan Polcyn, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Jakub Staniszewski. Deadweight loss in environmental policy: The case of the European Union member states. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 260 ():121064.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Anna Matuszczak; Jan Polcyn; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Jakub Staniszewski. 2020. "Deadweight loss in environmental policy: The case of the European Union member states." Journal of Cleaner Production 260, no. : 121064.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2020 in Agriculture
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The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of the Common Agricultural Policy’s (CAP) subsidies on the level of economic sustainability of farms by means of three-fold study. To determine the economic sustainability of farms the authors applied the income gap ratio. Next, the level of income differentiation between farms of various economic classes was established. The last part consisted of the recognition of statistically significant CAP schemes that shape agricultural income in farms of different size and in assessing how the respective subsidies should increase or decrease to fill the recognized gap, based on the coefficients of panel regression. The spatial scope covered all EU countries in 2005–2015. Results show that due to the CAP’s support the average income of farms has approached the average non-agricultural income, but distribution of this support favored the largest farms, increasing disparities within the sector.

ACS Style

Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Bazyli Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries. Agriculture 2020, 10, 34 .

AMA Style

Marta Guth, Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży, Bazyli Czyżewski, Sebastian Stępień. The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (2):34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Guth; Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży; Bazyli Czyżewski; Sebastian Stępień. 2020. "The Economic Sustainability of Farms under Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union Countries." Agriculture 10, no. 2: 34.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2019 in Sustainability
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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions are an important global issue as air pollutants lead to approximately 7 million deaths per year (World Health Organization). In an attempt to combat this global threat, countries in the European Union (EU) allocate relatively large funds for environmental policies. The main goal of this paper is to assess the long-term efficiency of the EU countries’ environmental policy in reducing the pressure of particulates pollution on the natural environment. For this purpose, multilevel panel regression models based on seminal within–between specification are used. The models are run for a panel of 25 EU countries for the years 2004–2016. In the investigations, we tried to capture the effect of the share of utilized agricultural area (UAA) in non-urban areas of the analyzed countries, as it may potentially influence policy efficiency. It was found that environmental spending in all main categories (pollution abatement, biodiversity, R&D, and environmental protection) had a significant impact on decreasing pollution pressure; however, the policy was more efficient in countries which had a lower share of UAA in their non-urban areas. The study emphasized that the impact of “pollution abatement” expenditure may be underestimated in basic panel models.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Anna Matuszczak; Łukasz Kryszak; Andrzej Czyżewski. Efficiency of the EU Environmental Policy in Struggling with Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): How Agriculture Makes a Difference? Sustainability 2019, 11, 4984 .

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyżewski, Anna Matuszczak, Łukasz Kryszak, Andrzej Czyżewski. Efficiency of the EU Environmental Policy in Struggling with Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): How Agriculture Makes a Difference? Sustainability. 2019; 11 (18):4984.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Anna Matuszczak; Łukasz Kryszak; Andrzej Czyżewski. 2019. "Efficiency of the EU Environmental Policy in Struggling with Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): How Agriculture Makes a Difference?" Sustainability 11, no. 18: 4984.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Small and labor-intensive farms guarantee a higher degree of environmental sustainability compared to rich, capital-intensive farms. This paper offers a methodological contribution to the value-based sustainability approach, consisting in computing a modified indicator of environmental sustainable value. Using this approach, the authors test how factor endowments such as capital, land and labor contribute to environmental sustainable value using a long-term panel of region-representative European Union farm accountancy data network farms in 2004–2015. The seminal within-between specification was employed to control time variant and time in-variant space heterogeneity of European regions. The articles main finding is that higher capital endowment and lower labor-intensity is beneficial for environmental sustainable value. The result that farming with higher labor endowment might be less eco-efficient contradicts the commonly known perception of this problem. In light of our findings, we conclude that the pro-investment direction of the common agricultural policy should be followed but one-size-fit-all policy is not working.

ACS Style

Aleksander Grzelak; Marta Guth; Anna Matuszczak; Bazyli Czyżewski; Agnieszka Brelik. Approaching the environmental sustainable value in agriculture: How factor endowments foster the eco-efficiency. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 241, 118304 .

AMA Style

Aleksander Grzelak, Marta Guth, Anna Matuszczak, Bazyli Czyżewski, Agnieszka Brelik. Approaching the environmental sustainable value in agriculture: How factor endowments foster the eco-efficiency. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 241 ():118304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksander Grzelak; Marta Guth; Anna Matuszczak; Bazyli Czyżewski; Agnieszka Brelik. 2019. "Approaching the environmental sustainable value in agriculture: How factor endowments foster the eco-efficiency." Journal of Cleaner Production 241, no. : 118304.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2019 in EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL
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ACS Style

Bazyli Czyzewski; Agnieszka Brelik. Providing Environmental Public Goods under the Common Agricultural Policy as a Cure for Market Failure. EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL 2019, XXII, 457 -469.

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyzewski, Agnieszka Brelik. Providing Environmental Public Goods under the Common Agricultural Policy as a Cure for Market Failure. EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL. 2019; XXII (3):457-469.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyzewski; Agnieszka Brelik. 2019. "Providing Environmental Public Goods under the Common Agricultural Policy as a Cure for Market Failure." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXII, no. 3: 457-469.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2019 in Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika)
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The main goal of the article is to compare three approaches to measuring environmental sustainability in agriculture: i) the environmental burden index; ii) the sustainable value of eco-efficient production; and iii) the sustainable value of the eco-effective farm, applied to the sample of 130 EUFADN (European Union Farm Accountancy Data Network) regions in 2015. The study indicates a fundamental problem: the notion of environmental sustainability in agriculture differs depending on the criterion we apply. We recognized a principle trade-off in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which consists of compensating for the strain on the natural environment with production or with public goods provision. Studies on these two effects seem to be crucial to draw a consistent development path for the CAP. Our major finding is that public goods-oriented farming is more likely to expand after improving eco-efficiency. This is still a challenge because in European regions, eco-efficient has not meant environmentally sustainable yet.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyzewski; Anna Matuszczak; Andreea Muntean. Approaching environmental sustainability of agriculture: environmental burden, eco-efficiency or eco-effectiveness. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 2019, 65, 299 -306.

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyzewski, Anna Matuszczak, Andreea Muntean. Approaching environmental sustainability of agriculture: environmental burden, eco-efficiency or eco-effectiveness. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika). 2019; 65 (No. 7):299-306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyzewski; Anna Matuszczak; Andreea Muntean. 2019. "Approaching environmental sustainability of agriculture: environmental burden, eco-efficiency or eco-effectiveness." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, no. No. 7: 299-306.

Journal article
Published: 02 February 2019 in Sustainability
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Willard Cochrane was the first to introduce the notion that farmers are on a market treadmill, which, in spite of their constant efforts to improve productivity, wears away any profits that might result. Therefore, the essence of the treadmill is that agricultural income does not grow in line with the increase in productivity. Although reasons of this phenomenon are economic in nature, it has caused a serious social problem, i.e., the relative deprivation of farmers’ income. Solving this problem is crucial for ensuring sustainable farming in its social dimension. The aim of the article was, firstly, to answer the question to what extent the concept of the market treadmill in agriculture is still valid for European countries; and secondly, to develop a sectoral model of agricultural income that would test whether the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been successfully struggling with the Cochrane’s treadmill. The authors carried out panel research in a group of 25 countries over the years 1980–2015 in various subperiods. The main conclusion was that the traditionally understood market treadmill has lost significance in Europe, which might be advocated as a long-term value-added aspect of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Andrzej Czyżewski; Łukasz Kryszak. The Market Treadmill Against Sustainable Income of European Farmers: How the CAP Has Struggled with Cochrane’s Curse. Sustainability 2019, 11, 791 .

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyżewski, Andrzej Czyżewski, Łukasz Kryszak. The Market Treadmill Against Sustainable Income of European Farmers: How the CAP Has Struggled with Cochrane’s Curse. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):791.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Andrzej Czyżewski; Łukasz Kryszak. 2019. "The Market Treadmill Against Sustainable Income of European Farmers: How the CAP Has Struggled with Cochrane’s Curse." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 791.

Journal article
Published: 17 January 2019 in Technological and Economic Development of Economy
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There is a consensus that farmers are subject to farm price-cost squeeze (PCS) when commodity prices fall and costs of production rise long-term. Willard Cochrane was the first to examine this phenomenon, introducing the notion that farmers are on a market treadmill. PCS is still a principle economic problem in agriculture touching farms in all over the world. It results from flexible prices but also from monopsony structures where recipients of commodities seize the opportunity of suboptimal pricing. Many studies indicate increasing retail farm price spreads but this lacks empirical studies on the effects of different types of subsidies on PCS. This work attempted to model EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) impact on PCS using the Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production function, specified as in most CGE models. However, the authors tested the assumption of flexible prices reacting to changes in productivity. This approach is novel, while supported with an input-output analysis used to precisely decompose price and volume (productivity) effects at the level of a FADN representative farm. The results help to shape CAP shedding light on the present treadmill mechanism and showing that provision of public goods may be a remedy for market imperfections, whereas decoupled payments have the opposite influence.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyzewski; Anna Matuszczak; Radosław Miśkiewicz. PUBLIC GOODS VERSUS THE FARM PRICE-COST SQUEEZE: SHAPING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE EU’S COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY. Technological and Economic Development of Economy 2019, 25, 82 -101.

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyzewski, Anna Matuszczak, Radosław Miśkiewicz. PUBLIC GOODS VERSUS THE FARM PRICE-COST SQUEEZE: SHAPING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE EU’S COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY. Technological and Economic Development of Economy. 2019; 25 (1):82-101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyzewski; Anna Matuszczak; Radosław Miśkiewicz. 2019. "PUBLIC GOODS VERSUS THE FARM PRICE-COST SQUEEZE: SHAPING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE EU’S COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 25, no. 1: 82-101.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja
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ACS Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Piotr Kułyk; Łukasz Kryszak. Drivers for farmland value revisited: adapting the returns discount model (RDM) to the sustainable paradigm. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 2019, 32, 2080 -2098.

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyżewski, Piotr Kułyk, Łukasz Kryszak. Drivers for farmland value revisited: adapting the returns discount model (RDM) to the sustainable paradigm. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 2019; 32 (1):2080-2098.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyżewski; Piotr Kułyk; Łukasz Kryszak. 2019. "Drivers for farmland value revisited: adapting the returns discount model (RDM) to the sustainable paradigm." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 32, no. 1: 2080-2098.

Journal article
Published: 29 December 2018 in Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej
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In the article, the Authors refer to the theory of land rent, with particular reference to the absolute rent, as to the existence of which in economics there is no compliance. The aim of the considerations is to assess how the rent for the scarcity of agricultural land is shaped nowadays under the conditions of current trends on land market in the European Union and dilemmas in this scope. At the same time, the thesis was verified that a different approach to the absolute rent from the land is necessary, depending on the area and ownership structure or production goals of farms. However, the observed causalities may change as a result of introducing or increasing restrictions on trade in agricultural properties regulated by European or individual EU Member States law, as well as postulated instruments of the common agricultural policy.

ACS Style

Andrzej Czyżewski; Bazyli Czyżewski; Adam Majchrzak. Absolutna renta gruntowa – ujęcie retrospektywne i współczesne. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej 2018, 5 -14.

AMA Style

Andrzej Czyżewski, Bazyli Czyżewski, Adam Majchrzak. Absolutna renta gruntowa – ujęcie retrospektywne i współczesne. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej. 2018; (124):5-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrzej Czyżewski; Bazyli Czyżewski; Adam Majchrzak. 2018. "Absolutna renta gruntowa – ujęcie retrospektywne i współczesne." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej , no. 124: 5-14.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2018 in Studies in Agricultural Economics
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Bazyli Czyzewski; Anna Matuszczak. Rent-seeking in agricultural policy revisited: a new look at the Common Agricultural Policy consensus. Studies in Agricultural Economics 2018, 120, 1 .

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyzewski, Anna Matuszczak. Rent-seeking in agricultural policy revisited: a new look at the Common Agricultural Policy consensus. Studies in Agricultural Economics. 2018; 120 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyzewski; Anna Matuszczak. 2018. "Rent-seeking in agricultural policy revisited: a new look at the Common Agricultural Policy consensus." Studies in Agricultural Economics 120, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2018 in Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika)
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It is generally believed that the subsidisation of agriculture serves as a payment of political rents to farmers. Here, we attempt to show that characterisation of the entire amount of subsidies as “political rent” is unjustified in the light of the definition of political rent as formulated in the rent-seeking theory. Political rents in agriculture diverge from the definition, since the resources devoted to rent-seeking partly serve to produce public goods – that part cannot be regarded as wastage. Furthermore, if market imperfections cause rents to be captured by other entities (the treadmill theory), then it is even more true that these benefits are not exclusive. However, it is hard to find any attempts to measure the value of political rents. Thus, a novel methodology is proposed for valuing these items, with the aim of calculating the “pure political rent”, based on an input-output (I-O) Leontief approach adopting matrices for “representative farms” according to EUFADN typology and on a decomposition of the Hicks-Moorsteen TFP index for the period 2007–2012 for four countries: Slovakia, France, Austria and Poland.

ACS Style

Bazyli Czyzewski; Matuszczak Anna. Towards measuring political rents in agriculture: case studies of different agrarian structures in the EU. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 2018, 64, 101 -114.

AMA Style

Bazyli Czyzewski, Matuszczak Anna. Towards measuring political rents in agriculture: case studies of different agrarian structures in the EU. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika). 2018; 64 (No. 3):101-114.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bazyli Czyzewski; Matuszczak Anna. 2018. "Towards measuring political rents in agriculture: case studies of different agrarian structures in the EU." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, no. No. 3: 101-114.