Drug repurposing is a strategic endeavor that entails the identification of novel therapeutic applications for pharmaceuticals that are already available in the market. Despite the advantageous nature of implementing this particular strategy owing to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency in reducing the time required for the drug discovery process, it is essential to bear in mind that there are various factors that must be meticulously considered and taken into account. Up to this point, there has been a noticeable absence of comprehensive analyses that shed light on the limitations of repurposing drugs. The primary aim of this review is to conduct a thorough illustration of the various challenges that arise when contemplating drug repurposing from a clinical perspective in three major fields—cardiovascular, cancer, and diabetes—and to further underscore the potential risks associated with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) when employing repurposed antibiotics for the treatment of noninfectious and infectious diseases. The process of developing repurposed medications necessitates the application of creativity and innovation in designing the development program, as the body of evidence may differ for each specific case. In order to effectively repurpose drugs, it is crucial to consider the clinical implications and potential drawbacks that may arise during this process. By comprehensively analyzing these challenges, we can attain a deeper comprehension of the intricacies involved in drug repurposing, which will ultimately lead to the development of more efficacious and safe therapeutic approaches.

Introduction: Chromatographic methods for determination of betamethasone or dexamethasone in their pharmaceutical preparations by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry were developed. Method: Analytes were eluted from Acquity BEH C18 (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) column using stepwise gradient with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid in water. Quantitation of dexamethasone and betamethasone was performed using 451>361 m/z on MRM mode. Results: Methods were linear over the concentration range from 10 to 1500 ng mL -1 for both analyte. Limits of detection for BTM or DXM were 1 ng mL -1. The highest relative error and relative standard deviation values were not over 2%. Conclusion: Presented methods were specific, rugged and robust, successfully applied to the analysis of their pharmaceutical preparations.

End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is increasingly recognized as a major global health issue. Heavy metal exposure is a significant risk factor for ESKD. The present study aimed to assess the blood levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), and to investigate their variations with age among patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Amman, Jordan, from January to December 2023. The study included 80 ESKD patients undergoing hemodialysis and 80 healthy controls, both groups aged 20-60 years, divided into four age ranges: 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-60 years. Blood samples were analyzed for Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu using atomic absorption spectrometry. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, and p-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cu were significantly higher in ESKD patients compared to healthy controls, while Zn levels were notably lower in ESKD patients. Specifically, Pb levels averaged 27.65 µg/dL in ESKD patients versus 1.06 µg/dL in controls (p = 0.006). Cd levels averaged 1.035 µg/dL in ESKD patients versus 0.0485 µg/dL in controls (p = 0.008). Cu levels averaged 270.1 µg/dL in ESKD patients versus 81.8 µg/dL in controls (p = 0.004). Zn levels were significantly reduced in ESKD patients, averaging 29.5 µg/dL compared to 82.45 µg/dL in controls (p = 0.035). Age-dependent variations showed that Pb (p = 0.01 ), Cd (p = 0.043), Cu (p = 0.01), and Zn (p = 0.037 ) levels increase with age in ESKD patients, suggesting age-related differences in metal accumulation and metabolism. Conclusion: This study highlights significantly elevated levels of Pb, Cd, and Cu, and reduced Zn levels in ESKD patients undergoing hemodialysis compared to healthy controls. Age-dependent differences in metal concentrations suggest that the accumulation and metabolism of these metals may be influenced by age in ESKD patients. These findings underscore the need for further research into the impact of environmental toxins on kidney health.

Natural dyes, obtained without the use of chemical treatment, are derived from naturally occurring sources, such as plants, animals, insects, and minerals. The usage of natural substances and their medicinal properties dates back to the origins of human civilization. The purpose of this review is to highlight the medicinal importance of selected natural colors, which sheds light on the critical role played by these dyes in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective is to showcase the health benefits of each color that can be obtained from nature for medicinal purposes based on their chemical structure. The review presents the reasons for utilizing natural resources in addressing various health issues, with a focus on three specific problems: microbial infections, cancer, and oxidative stress. Our review highlights the potential of natural resource structures, particularly anthocyanins, genipin, carotenoids, phycocyanin, and chlorophylls, in combating these ailments, emphasizing the need to explore their resources further for medicinal purposes. While most reviews provide a survey about colorful crude plant extracts in relation to one or a few categories of human health, our review focuses on the specific chromophore extracted not only from plants but also from any natural resource to provide a specific chromophore effect in a whole resource. The review highlights the significant role performed by organic pigments in the medicinal domain, with organic colorants acting as an essential element of the pharmaceutical sector’s weaponry. Hence, it is of paramount significance to actively promote and stress the adoptions of naturally existing chromophores in diverse everyday commodities, while simultaneously acknowledging and valuing their substantial importance and worth in the vast realm of the pharmaceutical industry.