Essential oils have demonstrated beneficial effects on the productive parameters of poultry. However, the impact of nanoencapsulated essential oil blends (N–EOs) in the diet of laying hens has been little described. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of mixtures of N–EOs in diets of Lohmann Brown hens on the percentage of laying, quality, and oxidative stability of the egg product. 600 birds were randomly distributed into five groups (n=150 per group), according to a completely randomized design, receiving the control group (T0) a conventional diet without N–EOs while the experimental groups received mixtures of N–EOs based on soursop (S), lemon (L) and eucalyptus (E) in different proportions: T1 (S: 33.4 , L:33.3%, E:33.3%), T2 (S:50%, L:25%, E:25%), T3 (S:25%, L:50%, E:25%) and T4 ( S:25%, L:25%, E:50%). The results showed that the T4 group showed the highest posture rate compared to the T2 and T3 groups (P<0.05), although it was similar to T0 and T1. Comparatively, the feed conversion was better in the T4 treatment compared to T0 (P<0.05). The analysis of egg quality showed that the T1 and T2 treatments reached a greater shell thickness (mm) compared to the group with conventional diet (P0.05) compared to the standard diet (T0). In conclusion, diets with N–EOs constitute a promising option that favors feed conversion, laying percentage, and greater shell thickness of the eggs of laying hens.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la dinámica del crecimiento y valor nutricional del Pennisetum spp (cv. Maralfalfa) en tres edades de corte (45, 60 y 75 días) y en dos épocas del año (alta y baja precipitación) en el distrito de Oxapampa, Pasco, Perú. Se evaluó la altura a la hoja bandera (AH), número de macollos (NM), biomasa verde (BV), materia seca (MS), digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra cruda (FC), calcio (Ca) y fósforo (P) en un diseño completamente aleatorio con arreglo factorial 3x2 (edad de corte y época del año). La AH no presentó diferencias significativas para edad al corte (34.27±4.00, 210.08±4.00 y 251.14±4.00 cm para 45, 60 y 75 días, respectivamente), ni entre épocas (191.91±3.26 y 205.09±3.26 cm en baja y alta precipitación, respectivamente). El NM no evidenció diferencias significativas para edad al corte (54.56±3.26, 54.61±3.26 y 55.33±3.26 macollos para 45, 60 y 75 días de edad, respectivamente) ni entre épocas (51.37±2.66 y 58.30±2.66 macollos en baja y alta precipitación, respectivamente). La MS en época de alta precipitación mostró su mayor valor (12.59±0.50%) a los 60 días de rebrote, mientras que en la época de menor precipitación fue 15.65±0.50% a los 75 días de corte (p<0.05). La DIVMS registró su mayor valor a los 45 días con 81.2±0.51 y 83.2±0.51% en época de mayor y menor precipitación respectivamente. La biomasa seca evidenció interacción (p<0.05) entre la edad al corte (45, 60 y 75 días) y la época (alta y baja precipitación). La PC tuvo mejores valores en ambas épocas a los 45 días de corte con 11.08±0.43 y 16.06±0.43% en alta y baja precipitación, respectivamente (p<0.05). La FC registró su mayor valor en la época de menor precipitación a los 60 días (25.19±0.24%) de corte, y menor en época de mayor precipitación a los 75 días (27.5±0.24%) (p<0.05). El contenido de Ca y P en época de alta precipitación fue mayor (0.51±01%) a los 45 días, en tanto que en la época de menor precipitación el Ca tuvo similares resultados a los 45 y 60 días (0.34±01%). Se concluye que la época del año y la edad de corte influyen sobre el rendimiento productivo y la calidad nutricional del pasto Maralfalfa en condiciones de trópico, siendo el mejor valor nutricional y de producción a los 60 días.

Creole goats have adapted to the harsh Andean environment, yet the physiological impacts of high-altitude production systems remain underexplored. This study assessed seasonal and dietary influences on the hematological and biochemical profiles of 45 Creole goats in the Peruvian Andes. The animals were assigned to three diets: D1 (grazing), D2 (grazing + 2000 g hay), and D3 (grazing + 400 g concentrate), across rainy and dry seasons. Biweekly blood sampling measured urea, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, ALP, ALT, WBCL, NeuP, LymP, HGB, and MCV. Season exerted the strongest influence (p < 0.001), with modest dietary effects and a consistent effect of sampling time. Urea, total protein, and albumin increased during the rainy season, though only urea responded significantly to diet. Leukocytosis rose in the dry season and with higher-protein diets, suggesting heightened immune activation under environmental stress. Hemoglobin peaked in the rainy season and early sampling, indicating better oxygenation. MCV and body weight were higher in the dry season, with weight unaffected by diet. These results underscore the complex interplay of environmental and nutritional factors in shaping goat physiology at high altitudes, emphasizing the importance of dynamic modeling in sustainable Andean livestock systems.

Con el objetivo de caracterizar, productivamente, los sistemas de producción bovina en el trópico alto de la región Pasco, se aplicó encuestas en campo a 210 productores en los distritos de Oxapampa, Chontabamba y Huancabamba, pertenecientes a la provincia de Oxapampa. Se realizó el análisis de conglomerados jerárquico completo, un análisis de componentes principales para la reducción de variables tomadas en la caracterización. Asimismo, para definir la estandarización de la información, se utilizó la prueba de esfericidad de Barlett y KMO. La separabilidad de los grupos se realizó mediante el análisis de varianza. Los aportes de las variables a los componentes oscilaron entre 0.46 (producción de leche por hato/día) y 0.97 (población rural) que indicaron un amplio rango de proporción de varianza, explicada por todos los factores. El análisis jerárquico agrupó la productividad en: bajo (1), regular (2), bueno (3) y muy bueno (4). Los resultados indican que el 17.4 % de los productores tienen un nivel productivo bajo, el 50.95 % regular y el 4.16 % muy bueno. En conclusión, más de la mitad de los sistemas de producción en el trópico alto se encuentran en un nivel productivo regular, teniendo la necesidad del apoyo técnico para aumentar la productividad.

The study aimed to characterize goat production systems in the tropical dry forest of Peru through multivariate analysis of 25 socioeconomic and productive variables in 60 producers from Bagua Grande, El Milagro, Cajaruro, and Cumba. Descriptive analysis, multidimensional scaling (stress = 0.03272), categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were applied. A predominance of extensive management (98.3%), with low technical assistance (81.7%), absence of irrigation (90%), and visual selection of animals (100%) was identified. Marketing responds to immediate economic needs (36.7%), while vaccination coverage is poor (88.3% not vaccinated). CATPCA explained 54.5% of the variance (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.965), highlighting producer education, infrastructure, and access to water and energy as key factors for improving production efficiency and mitigating commercial seasonality. HCA identified two goat production systems: the improved extensive system (EES) and the traditional extensive system (TES). The EES grouped older and more experienced producers, with larger herds, higher sales weights, greater specialization, forage diversification, better infrastructure, and higher deworming frequency. In contrast, the TES included younger producers with smaller herds, lower sales weights, lower educational levels, agricultural dependence, less forage diversity, limited infrastructure, and limited sanitary measures. These differences highlight the impact of knowledge and technological development on productive sustainability. It is concluded that technological development, access to resources, and production experience are key to improving the efficiency and sustainability of goat systems in the tropical dry forests of Peru.

Introduction: Tithonia diversifolia, also known as Mexican sunflower, is a tropical shrub with high forage potential, but limited information exists on the optimal harvest stage to balance yield and nutritional value.Methods: A 3 × 3 factorial design was implemented under tropical dry forest conditions in northern Peru, combining three regrowth stages (30, 45, and 60 days) with three plant fractions (leaf, stem, and leaf–stem mixture), with four replicates per treatment. Agronomic traits, dry matter yield, proximate composition, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were evaluated.Results: Biomass yield increased significantly with harvest age, reaching 11.93 kg fresh weight and 3.45 kg dry matter per plant at 60 days, although with reduced nutritional quality due to a higher stem proportion. Leaves harvested at 30 days had the highest crude protein (16.5%) and soluble carbohydrates (48.2%) with the lowest crude fiber (19.3%). In contrast, the 45-day leaf samples achieved the highest IVDMD (62.34 ± 1.42%). A strong positive correlation was observed between leaf area and biomass yield (r = 0.93), and a moderate negative correlation with digestibility (r = –0.42).Discussion: Harvesting at 45 days provided the best compromise between biomass production and nutritional value. These findings highlight the potential of T. diversifolia as a strategic forage alternative for sustainable feeding systems in tropical dry environments.