Mexico is one of the main regions of the world where the domestication of numerous edible plant species originated. Its cuisine is considered an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity and ferments are important components but have been poorly studied. Traditional fermented foods are still diverse, but some are endangered, requiring actions to promote their preservation. Our study aimed to (1) systematize information on the diversity and cultural history of traditional Mexican fermented beverages (TMFB), (2) document their spatial distribution, and (3) identify the main research trends and topics needed for their conservation and recovery. We reviewed information and constructed a database with biocultural information about TMFB prepared and consumed in Mexico, and we analyzed the information through network approaches and mapped it. We identified 16 TMFB and 143 plant species involved in their production, species of Cactaceae, Asparagaceae, and Poaceae being the most common substrates. Microbiological research has been directed to the potential biotechnological applications of Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Saccharomyces. We identified a major gap of research on uncommon beverages and poor attention on the cultural and technological aspects. TMFB are dynamic and heterogenous foodscapes that are valuable biocultural reservoirs. Policies should include their promotion for conservation. The main needs of research and policies are discussed.

Traditional agroforestry systems (TAFS), which integrate crops with wildlife, are important reservoirs of human culture and technical experiences with a high capacity for biodiversity conservation. Our study aimed to evaluate the capacity of TAFS to conserve the floristic diversity of tropical dry forests (TDF) in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico. We compared TAFS and TDF by measuring their forest cover, floristic composition, and structure, in addition to documenting the motivations of people to maintain native vegetation in their agricultural fields. We conducted a restricted randomized sampling of perennial plant species, including nine sites of TAFS and nine of TDF to determine the alpha, beta, and gamma diversity. Furthermore, we conducted semi-structured interviews with peasants who managed the agricultural plots we studied. We also performed workshops with people of the communities where surveys were performed. Our findings show that TAFS can maintain, on average, 68% of the species (95% of them native to the region) and 53% of the abundance of individuals occurring in the adjacent TDF. TAFS harbour 30% (39 species) of plants endemic to Mexico. Total species richness of TDF and TAFS were similar, as well as the effective number of species or communities estimated for the alpha, beta, and gamma diversity, but differed in the abundance of individuals. The high species turnover recorded in TDF (72%) and TAFS (74%) has profound implications for conservation, suggesting that it would be necessary to maintain several sites in order to conserve the regional diversity of native vegetation. Material, non-material, and regulatory contributions were reported to be the reason that peasants take into account maintaining natural vegetation. TAFS associated with TDF in the region (also called “Apancles”) contain an important richness, diversity, and endemism of components of natural ecosystems, as well as provide multiple socio-ecological contributions. These systems could represent a viable alternative to reconcile biological conservation with social well-being.

Our study analysed the vulnerability of the useful Agave species of the Tehuacán Valley, Mexico, considering ecological, cultural and economic aspects, and management types. We hypothesized that management intensity is proportional to the degree of risk of a species in order to decrease its vulnerability.

Copal is a resin of ritual uses in Mexico that is extracted from several species of trees of the genus Bursera. The effect of traditional management on phenotypical traits of copal trees has not been sufficiently studied. This research analyzed the traditional management and human selection on populations of Bursera bipinnata, and it also examined their influence on the quantity and quality of the resin produced by wild and managed trees. The management of copal was documented through semi-structured interviews and workshops. Samples of 60 trees from six wild and managed populations were selected to quantify the production of resin during two consecutive years. Fresh resin was collected to identify organic volatile compounds through gas chromatography and Principal Components Analysis (PCA); individuals were classified according to the amount and type of organic compounds produced. We identified management strategies from simple harvesting to seeds planting. The criteria of local people for selecting managed trees and seeds are based on the quantity and quality of the resin produced per tree, which were significantly higher in managed than in wild trees: 190.17 ± 329.04 g vs. 29.55 ± 25.50 g (p = 0.003), and 175.88 ± 179.29 g vs. 63.05 ± 53.25 g (p = 0.008) for the production seasons of 2017 and 2018, respectively. Twenty organic volatile compounds were identified, and the PCA showed that managed trees produce higher percentages of compounds associated with scent. The traditional management of Bursera bipinnata involves selective pressures, which generate the differentiation of wild and managed trees that may represent incipient domestication through silvicultural management.

Antecedentes: La intensidad de manejo en plantas está influida por factores socioecológicos, destacando el valor económico y la disponibilidad espacial de los recursos. Agave karwinskii es un recurso cultural, económica y ecológicamente relevante, con alta diversidad morfológica, la cual se refleja en la compleja nomenclatura tradicional. Algunos etnotaxones son mayormente valorados y enfrentan fuertes presiones debidas al auge en la demanda de mezcal. Preguntas y/o hipótesis: ¿Cuáles etnotaxa de Agave karwinskii y con qué intensidad son manejados en su área de distribución? Los etnotaxa que son aprovechados para elaborar mezcales presentarán formas más intensas de manejo debido a su alto valor y demanda. Se identificarán distintas prácticas de manejo, desde las más incipientes hasta las más complejas, en función de su valor y disponibilidad. Especie en estudio: Agave karwinskii Zucc. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Puebla y Oaxaca, México. 2017-2018 Me?todos: Se realizaron 43 entrevistas semiestructuradas a propietarios de fábricas de mezcal en el área de distribución. Se preguntó acerca del manejo de los distintos etnotaxa, prácticas de selección, atributos, valoración cultural y económica. Se calculó un índice de intensidad de manejo mediante un análisis de componentes principales. Resultados: Se reconocieron 11 etnotaxones de A. karwinskii , principalmente para producir mezcal y como cerco vivo. Estos formaron tres grupos, correspondiendo a un gradiente de intensidad de manejo. Destacan aquellos que se propagan vegetativamente y se siembran por semilla en espacios antropogénicos. Conclusiones: Se advierten procesos selectivos, los cuales pueden marcar rasgos de domesticación incipiente, como tamaños de roseta más grandes.