The outflow of young people from the country for education and employment abroad is one of the most acute socio-economic problems for Kazakhstan. Taking into account the international competition in education and the imperfection of the labor market in the country, stopping the emigration of young people in the near future seems to be a difficult task.   The purpose of the study is to identify and substantiate the economic aspects and factors of educational and labor migration of Kazakh youth abroad. Today, young people of Kazakhstan travel to almost all regions and countries of the world. Youth migration has both positive and negative aspects. There were developed 3 types of online questionnaires for particular categories of respondents: 1) graduates of secondary education (27 questions), 2) graduates of bachelor’s degree (27 questions), 3) young people working and living abroad (23 questions). SPSS Software was used for data analysis. The positive consequences include raising the level of qualifications and knowledge of young people, exploring new opportunities for self-realization. However, an urgent problem is a fact that the educational and labor migration of young people turns into permanent or non-return migration. The analysis allowed us to identify the dominant factors of «attraction-pushing», which have been studied and are considered as determining the migration movement of young people abroad. The combination of attracting and pushing factors influencing the migration decisions of young people can be very complex and diverse, however, in most cases, the main factors are economic, social, and demographic factors of migration.

Internal migration is a transitional moment for young people to migrate abroad. This article aims to study city infrastructure as a factor influencing the internal migration of young people to big cities. This is one of the country’s problems because it results in a «brain drain» abroad. There is a need to consider these factors. The study examines young people involved in internal migration who arrived in Almaty, aged 14 - 29. The methodology of this study is based on the method of Everett S. Lee. It analyzes factors influencing the internal migration of young people to cities with a population of one million. The article discusses objective factors that constrain or stimulate the migration process between regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. These factors include the number of universities and colleges, the number of employers, medical and entertainment institutions, etc. These indicators were grouped into four factors: education, health care, entertainment and employment. For data analysis and processing, generalization and systematization methods were used. Data for factor estimation was obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics and other official sources for the period 2014 - 2021. Correlation-regression analysis was conducted using the SPSS program to determine the relationship between internal migration and city infrastructure indicators. Results obtained showed a significant relationship between the internal migration of young people and educational and health organizations. Education is seen as one of the main factors in the internal and external migration of young people. Therefore, the development of higher education and employment rates is essential to prevent brain drain.

Changing the needs of students in the consumption of information requires teachers to constantly search for new teaching methods, which, in turn, indicates the construction of their own learning strategy and its optimization. In this article, the authors present their own experience in developing a lecture learning strategy built on their own experience. Personal experience of teaching led to the emergence of the hypothesis that a change in the type of information provided (for example, from presentation to video, then to discussion, etc.) and the frequency of repetitions of important aspects of the topic can improve the learning. To test this hypothesis, the article attempted to use econometric modeling methods that made it possible to optimize the learning strategy taking into account the indicated factors.

The object of the study is the financial inclusion in EU countries in the context of macroeconomic and digital development. The problem of quantitatively assessing this relationship in a broad cross-country context has been solved. The following results were obtained: – a significant cross-country divergence was identified in the level of digitalization of the financial sector, the development of ICT (information and communication technologies) infrastructure, and financial inclusion, which forms fundamentally different starting conditions for the implementation of open banking; – a strong positive correlation was established between the level of banking digitalization and the composite financial inclusion index (Pearson’s coefficient +0.894); – an increase in the banking digitalization index by one point leads to an average increase in the composite financial inclusion index by 0.498 points (p < 0.001); – for “leader” countries, the average banking digitalization index was 82.4; for countries with “medium potential” – 61.8; for countries with “basic challenges” – 48.1. The obtained results are explained by the fact that technological development of the financial sector creates prerequisites for reducing transaction costs and the emergence of innovative, non-territorially bound services. The specific features of the results lie in proving the differentiated potential of open banking: for “leader” countries, for countries with “medium potential”, for countries with “basic challenges”. The practical significance of the study lies in providing regulators and financial institutions with quantitatively grounded conclusions for developing differentiated strategies that take into account the level of readiness of the national ecosystem