The integration of 3D printing technology into wearable sensor systems has catalyzed a paradigm shift in sports psychology and athlete health monitoring by enabling real-time, personalized data collection on physiological and psychological states. In this study, not only is the technical potential of these advancements examined but their real-world applications in sports psychology are also critically assessed. While the existing research primarily focuses on sensor fabrication and data acquisition, a significant gap remains in the evaluation of their direct impact on decision-making processes in coaching, mental resilience, and long-term psychological adaptation in athletes. A critical analysis of the current state of 3D-printed wearable sensors is conducted, highlighting both their advantages and limitations. By combining theoretical insights with practical considerations, a comprehensive framework is established for understanding how sensor-based interventions can be effectively incorporated into sports training and psychological evaluation. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies, athlete-centered validation, and interdisciplinary collaborations to bridge the gap between technological developments and real-world applications. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence and advanced biomaterials has significant potential to enhance the reliability and interpretability of sensor-driven interventions. However, without rigorous scientific validation, their effectiveness remains uncertain. This study highlights the importance of a systematic approach in implementing and evaluating 3D-printed wearable sensors in sports psychology.

This review investigates the transformative potential of wearable sensors for body fluid monitoring in sports and healthcare. These devices offer a non-invasive, real-time, in-situ glimpse into our health by continuously tracking vital biomarkers found in sweat, saliva, urine, and tears. We discuss various sensor technologies, including electrochemical, optical, and microfluidic, and the innovative materials like hydrogels and nanocomposites that enable their functionality. The integration of RFID and flexible electronics is also examined, highlighting how these advancements improve the connectivity, portability, and user-friendliness of the sensors. Moreover, we delve into the advanced manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing, that are crucial for crafting these sophisticated devices with high precision and adaptability. In prospect, this article evaluates the transformative potential of integrating these in-situ sensors with artificial intelligence and machine learning, envisioning a paradigm shift in health monitoring and athletic performance optimization.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kamu hastanelerinin etkinliğinin hesaplanmasında Veri Zarflama Analizini kullanan çalışmaları incelemek ve teknik etkinliklerini etkileyen faktörleri meta-regresyon analizi ile belirlemektir. 1998-2021 yılları arasında yayımlanmış ve dahil etme kriterlerini sağlayan 30 ampirik makale bu çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Meta-regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre çalışmaların yayın yılı ve ülkelerin gelir grupları ortalama teknik etkinliği etkilememektedir. Hastane sayısı, değişken sayısı, veri toplama yılı ve ülkenin bulunduğu kıta değişkenleri ortalama teknik etkinlik tahmini üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Çalışma, kamu hastanelerinin büyük çoğunluğunun etkinliklerinin optimalin üstünde olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışmanın, sağlık alanındaki politikacılara ve yöneticilere hastanelerin etkinliğinin artması konusunda farkındalık sağlaması beklenmektedir.

The integration of 3D printing technology into sensor development holds transformative potential for sports psychology, offering innovative solutions for monitoring athlete health and enhancing performance. Various theories have been established to explain how different levels and types of arousal impact athletic performance, providing valuable frameworks for optimizing athletes’ well-being and performance. By incorporating wearable sensors into sports psychology, professionals can gain deeper insights into athletes’ arousal and emotional states, enabling more precise assessments and interventions that lead to improved outcomes. This article explores the application of wearable sensors in sports, with a particular focus on 3D printable sensors that measure both physiological and psychological parameters in real time. These advanced sensors provide coaches and sports psychologists with critical data, allowing them to tailor interventions and strategies more effectively to each athlete’s unique needs. The real-time data collection enabled by these sensors offers a dynamic approach to managing athlete performance and well-being. Furthermore, the article outlines future directions for sports psychology, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the integration of technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence. By harnessing these innovative tools, sports psychology can significantly enhance athlete resilience and performance, paving the way for a more comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between mental states and athletic achievement. This approach not only advances the field but also contributes to the overall well-being and success of athletes in a highly competitive environment.

Sleep disorders like sleep apnea and insomnia significantly impair athletes’ recovery and performance. Sleep apnea, exacerbated in supine positions due to increased airway resistance, and insomnia, evidenced by fragmented sleep and restlessness, highlight the necessity of monitoring sleep postures. This study introduces a novel RFID-embedded smart mattress capable of non-invasive monitoring and detection of these disorders by capturing body postures and movements using passive RFID sensors. A multi-layered mattress design integrates advanced RFID technology with machine learning algorithms—Gaussian process regression (GPR) and linear regression (LR)—to classify postures and detect movement anomalies. Evaluated with data from five participants in supine and prone positions, the system achieved a posture recognition root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.42 and movement detection RMSE of 0.15. Data processing included standardization and Gaussian filtering for enhanced accuracy, with a 5-fold cross-validation framework ensuring robust performance. The results demonstrate the mattress’s effectiveness as a cost-efficient, non-intrusive alternative to traditional polysomnography, offering insights for early detection and management of sleep disorders. This approach shows significant potential for sports psychology applications, enabling personalized recovery strategies and performance optimization. Future work will focus on expanding the dataset, integrating additional biometric sensors, and refining algorithms to improve diagnostic accuracy and real-time usability in clinical and home settings.

Wearable sensor technology is at the forefront of innovation, transforming health monitoring and sports sciences with its ability to collect and analyze real-time data. These sensors, integrated seamlessly into clothing, accessories, or skin-like patches, enable non-invasive tracking of physiological parameters such as heart rate, body temperature, and movement patterns. For athletes, this data provides actionable insights to optimize performance, prevent injuries, and support recovery. Beyond individual health, wearable sensors are pivotal in structural health monitoring (SHM), where they ensure the safety and functionality of large sports facilities by detecting stress, vibrations, and early structural weaknesses. Driven by advancements in digitization, wireless technologies, recycled materials, and emerging quantum materials, wearable sensors have undergone significant evolution through enhanced manufacturing processes such as 3D printing. This dual application in human health and structural integrity highlights their critical role in creating safer, smarter, and more sustainable environments. This study explores the transformative potential of wearable sensors in sports sciences and structural monitoring, emphasizing their use in optimizing athlete health and maintaining infrastructure safety. Additionally, it examines the infrastructure and equipment requirements for establishing a cutting-edge wearable sensor research laboratory in a university setting. By bridging human well-being and structural reliability, wearable sensor technology advances not only health and performance but also innovation and sustainability, marking it as a cornerstone for future progress in sports and health sciences.