The Internet of Medical Things, Smart Devices, Information Systems, and Cloud Services have led to a digital transformation of the healthcare industry. Digital healthcare services have paved the way for easier and more accessible treatment, thus making our lives far more comfortable. However, the present day healthcare industry has also become the main victim of external as well as internal attacks. Data breaches are not just a concern and complication for security experts; they also affect clients, stakeholders, organizations, and businesses. Though the data breaches are of different types, their impact is almost always the same. This study provides insights into the various categories of data breaches faced by different organizations. The main objective is to do an in-depth analysis of healthcare data breaches and draw inferences from them, thereby using the findings to improve healthcare data confidentiality. The study found that hacking/IT incidents are the most prevalent forms of attack behind healthcare data breaches, followed by unauthorized internal disclosures. The frequency of healthcare data breaches, magnitude of exposed records, and financial losses due to breached records are increasing rapidly. Data from the healthcare industry is regarded as being highly valuable. This has become a major lure for the misappropriation and pilferage of healthcare data. Addressing this anomaly, the present study employs the simple moving average method and the simple exponential soothing method of time series analysis to examine the trend of healthcare data breaches and their cost. Of the two methods, the simple moving average method provided more reliable forecasting results.

Blockchain technology is among the most significant developments and revolutionary innovations of the Information Technology industry. It corners a crucial space in the present digital era and has already made significant differences in human life. Moreover, it is anticipated that the Blockchain technology will improvise the existing IT facilities in the next several years in many domains. Recent technological developments are allowing for a major advancement in Healthcare sectors. Information security and accessibility are critical considerations for the integration and communication with Electronic Healthcare Record (EHR) systems when sharing private medical information. In this context, selecting the most effective blockchain model for secure and trustworthy EHRs in the healthcare sector requires an accurate mechanism for evaluating the impact of different available blockchain models for its features. The present study uses a scientifically proven approach for evaluating the impact of blockchain technology and provides a novel idea and path to the future researchers. This research analysis garnered the feedback of 56 domain experts in the healthcare management for assessing the impact of different blockchain models. To eliminate the ambiguities that arose due to multiple opinions of these experts and for the externalization and organization of information about the selection context of the blockchain model, the study used a decision model. Fuzzy Analytic Analytical Network Process (F-ANP) method was used to calculate the weights of the criteria as well as the Fuzzy-Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique was used to evaluate the effect of alternative solutions. Further, the results obtained through this empirical investigation will be an instrumental reference for choosing the most appropriate Blockchain model for maintaining breach-free EHRs.

Data integrity continues to be a persistent problem in the current healthcare sector. It ensures that the data is correct and has not even in any manner been improperly changed. Incorrect data might become significant health threats for patients and a big responsibility for clinicians, resulting in problems such as scam, misconduct, inadequate treatment and data theft. This sort of endangering scenario causes tremendous difficulty in handling healthcare data. This research intends to describe the threat plot of data integrity in healthcare through numerous attack statistics from around the world and Saudi Arabia and identify the criticality in Saudi Arabia in particular. A literature review by descriptive analysis, unit analysis and rating analysis to achieve the planned systematic literature review goal is outlined. The outcome of ranking analysis using a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process methodology offers a route for Saudi Arabian researchers to promote medical records or data security in Arabic healthcare. It is suggested that blockchain is the most prioritized method for regular use and adaptation across Saudi Arabia in all data integrity management techniques. To address the challenges of data integrity and future path, the authors critically examine the challenges posed by data integrity in the healthcare sector.

A secure, smart and peer-to-peer transactions framework can be developed by Blockchain. Blockchain has enormous potential to turn health care systems as a horizontal technology, which has changed many fields of industry. The aim of this article is to critically review 50 papers published between 2015 and 2020 on blockchain-based health systems. 36 of these were journal papers; 7 were from conferences, 4 were from various symposiums; 3 were from seminars and 1 chapter was written in the book. Three key questions will be answered in this report. Firstly, what are the emerging trends of blockchain application development in healthcare from a technical perspective? Secondly, in what ways will the systematic analysis presented here contribute to a better understanding of the potential for incorporating blockchain-based technologies into the healthcare domain? Third, what are the important challenges in adopting blockchain as a solution in the healthcare domain? The descriptive analysis contains in this article shows the statistical statistics on the strategies of these 50 papers reveal that many of the blockchain systems proposed are using privately held blockchain and Ethereum platforms. We also address possible emerging trends of blockchain application such as blockchain integration with artificial intelligence, cloud based solutions and parallel block chain architecture.

Managing data integrity is a challenging task for any expert or a researcher. This study attempts to collate a Systematic Literature Review of the research efforts done in the domain of healthcare data integrity. The paper highlights the criticalness of data integrity issues in healthcare through attack statistics in the first section. The second section of the paper systematically reviews the previous studies discussing the healthcare related Systematic literature reviews and data integrity techniques in healthcare sector. The third section of this study examines the collated literature through various analysis methodologies and discusses about the most prioritized technique as well as its challenges in healthcare data security. The fourth section illustrates about the various challenges and future directions to take while constructing a roadmap for the future research endeavors in healthcare data integrity management techniques. The concluding segment of the paper presents an objective assessment and sensitivity analysis for finding the implications and difficulties in the studies while outlining feasible solutions. Furthermore, this research endeavour also conducts a Scientometric analysis of all the studies for better understanding of the literature reviewed. Ranking or the Priority analysis part of the paper is totally dedicated to the previously used techniques in healthcare. The paper also discusses about data integrity techniques and postulates that the most prioritized data integrity technique is the blockchain.

The development of web applications essentially relies on users’ demands who expect highly efficacious but cost effective software services. Managing time and cost so as to develop web applications that cater to the users’ need is a challenge for developers at present. Moreover, low-cost maintenance can only be achieved by enhancing the durability of the web applications. Identifying characteristics of durability is a complex task because the different experts have different opinions regarding the significance of characteristics that determine durability quotient of the web applications. As established by the best practices undertaken in this context, some experts consider quality to be the most important factor for determining durability. Therefore, the present study enlists multi-criteria decision-based symmetrical technique to address the multi-vector option availability for the apt selection of the characteristics for durability. Furthermore, it has also been identified that a numerical assessment of web applications’ durability can affect the service life and low-cost management in web applications. In this context, to achieve high durability and longevity in web applications, this paper attempts to illustrate and perform a numerical evaluation of durability characteristics. By understanding the various characteristics and their significance towards durability, the paper finds that the hesitant fuzzy-based symmetrical technique of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is an effective methodology for evaluating web applications’ durability. For evaluating the quality of the results and establishing their sensitivity, the authors have assessed the outcomes on six different projects of the University. Additionally, results assessed and discussed in this paper would be a conclusive reference for the developers in their attempts to develop highly durable and manageable web applications.