The last change in the technical regulations of Formula One that came into force in 2022 brought with it significant changes in the aerodynamics of the vehicle; among these, those made to the front wing stand out since the wing was changed to a more straightforward shape with fewer parts but with no less efficiency. The reduction in its components suggests that if one part were to suffer damage or break down, the efficiency of the entire front wing would be affected; however, from 2022 to date, there have been occasions in which the cars have continued running on the track despite losing some of the endplates. This research seeks to understand the endplates’ impact on the front wing through a series of CFD simulations using the k-ω SST turbulence model. To determine efficiency, the aerodynamic forces generated on the vehicle’s front wing, suspension, and front wheels were compared in two different operating situations using a model with the front wing in good condition and another in which the endplates were removed. The first case study simulated a straight line at a maximum speed where the Downforce is reduced by 2.716% while the Drag and Yaw increase by 7.092% and 96.332%, respectively, when the model does not have endplates. On the other hand, the second case study was the passage through a curve with a decrease of 17.707% in Downforce, 6.532% in Drag, and 22.200% in Yaw.

This study presents a three-dimensional finite element (FE) analysis of the human foot bone structure under mid-stance loading during race walking. A subject-specific biomodel comprising 26 bones and over 40 ligaments was reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) data using Materialise Mimics Research 21.0 and 3-Matic Research 13.0, and subsequently analyzed in ANSYS Workbench 2024 R1. The model included explicit cortical, trabecular, and ligamentous volumes, each assigned linear-elastic, isotropic material properties based on biomechanical literature data. Boundary conditions simulated the mid-stance phase of race walking, applying a distributed plantar pressure of 0.25 MPa over the metatarsal and phalangeal regions. Numerical simulations yielded maximum total displacements of 0.00018 mm, maximum von Mises stresses of 0.171 MPa, and maximum strains of 2.5 × 10⁻⁵, all remaining well within the elastic range of bone tissue. The results confirm the model’s numerical stability, geometric fidelity, and capacity to represent physiologically realistic loading responses. The developed framework demonstrates the potential of high-resolution, image-based finite element modelling for investigating stress–strain patterns of the foot during athletic gait, and establishes a reproducible reference for future analyses involving pathological gait, orthotic optimisation, and musculoskeletal load assessment in sports biomechanics.

El lavado industrial de botellas de vidrio es esencial para las industrias de alimentos y bebidas, asegurando la limpieza y la sanitización de los envases. Asimismo, manteniendo la calidad del producto final. Sin embargo, este proceso consume grandes cantidades de agua, planteando desafíos significativos para la sostenibilidad y conservación de recursos hídricos. La propuesta del sistema diseñado y fabricado que se presenta en este trabajo, es completamente automático y es capaz de manipular variables, como; velocidad de motores, tiempo de cepillado y enjuague. Esta línea de lavado, actualmente procesa 720 botellas por hora, reduciendo significativamente el consumo de agua, en comparación con métodos tradicionales. Así como, se aplicaron tecnologías avanzadas de automatización y programación, con el objetivo principal de mejorar la eficiencia y sostenibilidad del proceso.