Transcontinental grid interconnection and clean energy development for sustainability are the prime objectives to address through global energy interconnection (GEI) platform. Key issues can be solved through GEI such as environmental pollution, climate change, resources scarcity and unbalanced development. The growing concern of fossil fuel depletion leads to the exploitation of renewable energy which is mostly located on Arctic and Equator zones. This study addresses about the importance, current projects and research directions of clean energy, smart grid, ultra-high voltage transmission, grid interconnection trends around the world in order to globally interconnect the future grid. The review results provide comprehensive background knowledge to all the researchers in order to investigate further into the field.

The accuracy of energy management system for renewable microgrid, either grid-connected or isolated, is heavily dependent on the forecasting precision such as wind, solar, and load. In this paper, an improved fuzzy prediction horizon forecasting method is developed to address the issue of intermittence and uncertainty problem related to renewable generation and load forecast. In the first phase, a Takagi-Sugeno type fuzzy system is trained with many evolutionary optimization algorithms and established coverage grade indicator to check the accuracy of interval forecast. Secondly, a wind, solar, and load forecaster is developed for renewable microgrid test bed which is located in Beijing, China. One day and one step ahead results for the proposed forecaster are expressed with lowest RMSE and training time. In order to check the efficiency of the proposed method, a comparison is carried out with the existing models. The fuzzy interval-based model for the microgrid test bed will help to formulate the energy management problem with more accuracy and robustness.

IEC61850-based fully Digital Substations (DS) are already in service. Power system engineers use traditional methods to conduct reliability analysis of these systems. The involvement of communication architecture and its inherent nature, however, demands a holistic approach that should encompass both structural and performance analysis of this system to yield more accurate results. This work proposes and develops the functional model for seven DSAS architectures along with Fault/Error Handling Model (FEHM), and conducts the combined reliability analysis with the primary system (CB-and-half scheme). The analysis is carried out utilizing both Monte Carlo and analytical approaches. The results show that, firstly, the impact of the automated switching is significant in improving the substation reliability indices as compared to manual switching. Secondly, the developed models only affect the substation reliability indices when the secondary system failure modes are included. Finally, the sensitivity analysis showed the usefulness of the FEH model and revealed its significant impact on reliability indices of substation at higher repair times.

Reliability analysis in a conventional substation has been well understood and well established, yet for the Digital Substation (DS) or power network fully reliant on Information and communication technologies (ICT) systems, numerous approaches exist to conduct reliability analysis. DS is a future in smart grid technologies, and its reliability analysis is still a topic of extensive research. Despite the availability of innumerable literature on review of reliability in power systems in general or in specific domain area, to the knowledge of authors, not a single work exists in literature till date, which thoroughly reviews the different approaches which have been used to analyze DS reliability. This paper provides a reference to all this work and present them as they have been presented by the authors, moreover, it also provides a quick overview of different tools used to conduct reliability analysis for DS.

This paper describes the control of a helicopter with one degree of freedom. System differential equations coefficients were identified by experiments in order to simulate the characteristic behavior of the machine. Later on, different controllers were designed to estimate which one provides the best output. These controllers include a PID, Pole Placement and Linear Quadratic Regulator. PID controller represents a first approximation just to demonstrate that what is designed in the simulated model will work similarly in the real system. Later on, a pole placement controller offers the possibility of a more customized and accurate response and finally LQR is designed as a more sophisticated element where also the energy is taken into account.

Digital substation (DS) is an integral part of the smart grid migration plan. Availability/reliability of DS has been evaluated using traditional approaches. Although many new methods have been proposed, there is no standard approach exist till date. Due to evolving cyber-physical nature of Digital Substation Automation System (DSAS), this paper investigates the effect of inclusion of Fault/Error Handling Model (FEH) on the availability of three redundant DSAS architectures by comparing it with the conventional Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) models. The paper also discusses the need to include Markov reward process (MRP) based performance model into dependability analysis of DSAS and demonstrates its effect on the dependability of DSAS through both, analytical and simulation methods.