The radiation shielding abilities of waste marbles with different concentrations of WO₃ (tungsten oxide) nanoparticles were investigated. Four marbles were prepared with 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 WO₃ nanoparticles. The study aims to investigate the effect of the WO₃ concentration, the density, and the particle size of the waste marble samples. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of the S1 sample, the sample with no WO₃, was determined theoretically and experimentally, and the results demonstrated that they were close enough together to adequately determine the LAC of the other samples. Additionally, the samples with nano-WO₃, rather than micro-WO₃, were found to have a greater LAC, showing that decreasing the particle size of the sample improves their shielding ability. Samples with greater WO₃ content also had higher LAC values. The LAC of the marbles was also evaluated at a wide energy range (0.015–15 MeV) to examine the shielding properties of the samples for a wide range of applications, and an inverse trend between LAC and energy was observed. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) of the marbles demonstrated that the marbles absorb almost all incoming photons at low energies. As energy increases, the efficiency of the samples naturally drops, as the photons are able to penetrate through them with greater ease. High energy dependence was found when calculating the half-value layers (HVL) of the samples. When comparing the LAC and mean free paths (MFP) of the marbles, an inverse relationship was observed. Furthermore, the samples with nano-WO₃ had a smaller MFP than those with micro-WO₃, meaning that decreasing the particle size of the samples improves their radiation shielding ability. The Z_eff of the micro-WO₃ samples was also determined and the values followed three distinctive trends depending on the energy range of the incoming photons.

In the current study, BaO was doped in Bi₂O₃-ZnO-B₂O₃-SLS glass to develop lead-free radiation shielding glasses and to solve the dark brown of bismuth glass. The melt-quenching method was utilized to fabricate (x) BaO (1 − x)[0.3 ZnO 0.2 Bi₂O₃ 0.2 B₂O₃ 0.3 SLS] (where x are 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05 mol) at 1200 °C. Soda lime silica glass waste (SLS), which is mostly composed of 74.1% SiO₂, was used to obtain SiO₂. The mass attenuation coefficient (${\mu }_m$) was investigated utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF) at 16.61, 17.74, 21.17, and 25.27 keV and narrow beam geometry at 59.54, 662, and 1333 keV. Moreover, the other parameters related to gamma ray shielding properties such as half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number ($Z_{eff}$) were computed depending on ${\mu }_m$ values. The results indicated that HVL and MFP decreased, whereas ${\mu }_m$ increased with an increase in BaO concentration. According to these results, it can be concluded that BaO doped in Bi₂O₃-ZnO-B₂O₃-SLS glass is a nontoxic, transparent to visible light, and a good shielding material against radiation.

The current study aims to enhance the efficiency of lead-free glass as a shielding material against radiation, solve the problem of the dark brown of bismuth glass, and reduce the accumulation of waste glass disposed in landfills by using soda-lime-silica SLS glass waste. The melt-quenching method was utilized to fabricate (WO${}_3{)}_x$ [(Bi${}_2$O${}_3$)${}_{0.2}$ (ZnO)${}_{0.3}$ (B${}_2$O${}_3$)${}_{0.2}$ (SLS)${}_{0.3}$]${}_{1-x}$ at 1200 °C, where x = (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05 mol). Soda lime silica SLS glass waste, which is mostly composed of 74.1 % SiO${}_2$, was used to obtain SiO${}_2$. Radiation Attenuation parameters were investigated using narrow-beam geometry and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Furthermore, the parameters related to radiation shielding were calculated. The results showed that when WO${}_3$ concentration was increased, the half-value layer was reduced, whereas the $\mu$ increased. It could be concluded that WBiBZn-SLS glass is a good shielding material against radiation, nontoxic, and transparent to visible light.