In this review, the effect of organic solvents on microalgae cultures from molecular to industrial scale is presented. Traditional organic solvents and solvents of new generation-ionic liquids (ILs), are considered. Alterations in microalgal cell metabolism and synthesis of target products (pigments, proteins, lipids), as a result of exposure to organic solvents, are summarized. Applications of organic solvents as a carbon source for microalgal growth and production of target molecules are discussed. Possible implementation of various industrial effluents containing organic solvents into microalgal cultivation media, is evaluated. The effect of organic solvents on extraction of target compounds from microalgae is also considered. Techniques for lipid and carotenoid extraction from viable microalgal biomass (milking methods) and dead microalgal biomass (classical methods) are depicted. Moreover, the economic survey of lipid and carotenoid extraction from microalgae biomass, by means of different techniques and solvents, is conducted.

The boiling performance of functionalized hybrid aluminum surfaces was experimentally investigated for water and self-rewetting mixtures of water and 1-butanol. Firstly, microstructured surfaces were produced via chemical etching in hydrochloric acid and the effect of the etching time on the surface morphology was evaluated. An etching time of 5 min was found to result in pitting corrosion and produced weakly hydrophilic microstructured surfaces with many microcavities. Observed cavity-mouth diameters between 3.6 and 32 μm are optimal for efficient nucleation and provided a superior boiling performance. Longer etching times of 10 and 15 min resulted in uniform corrosion and produced superhydrophilic surfaces with a micropeak structure, which lacked microcavities for efficient nucleation. In the second stage, hybrid surfaces combining lower surface energy and a modified surface microstructure were created by hydrophobization of etched aluminum surfaces using a silane agent. Hydrophobized surfaces were found to improve boiling heat transfer and their boiling curves exhibited a significantly lower superheat. Significant heat transfer enhancement was observed for hybrid microcavity surfaces with a low surface energy. These surfaces provided an early transition into nucleate boiling and promoted bubble nucleation. For a hydrophobized microcavity surface, heat transfer coefficients of up to 305 kW m⁻² K⁻¹ were recorded and an enhancement of 488% relative to the untreated reference surface was observed. The boiling of self-rewetting fluids on functionalized surfaces was also investigated, but a synergistic effect of developed surfaces and a self-rewetting working fluid was not observed. An improved critical heat flux was only obtained for the untreated surface, while a lower critical heat flux and lower heat transfer coefficients were measured on functionalized surfaces, whose properties were already tailored to promote nucleate boiling.

Heat transfer coefficient (HTC) was experimentally measured for saturated and subcooled pool boiling of binary mixtures of water and glycerin. Saturated boiling was studied for mixtures with water mass fractions ${\omega }_{\mathrm{w}}$ from $100\mathrm{\%}$ to $60\mathrm{\%}$ on horizontal flat nickel-plated surfaces at heat fluxes from 50 to $650\mathrm{k}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$ at atmospheric pressure. Subcooled boiling was investigated in the range of subcooling from 0 to $30\mathrm{K}$ at heat fluxes of approximately 250, 450 and $650\mathrm{k}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$. It was found that mixture effects have a significant impact on saturated boiling HTC even for mixtures with very low content of glycerin as significant drops of HTC were observed for subtle changes in composition for mixtures of high ${\omega }_{\mathrm{w}}$. Measured HTC was successfully correlated with the combination of Yagov (1999) and Inoue and Monde (2009) correlations with a mean relative error of $12\mathrm{\%}$. A simple empirical HTC correlation is also proposed. For subcooled boiling, developed subcooled boiling regime was reached for all investigated heat fluxes. For this regime, correlations, which were able to predict HTC for saturated boiling, were employed to predict subcooled boiling HTCs for all investigated concentrations, heat fluxes and subcoolings. Effect of subcooling and effect of liquid composition on total HTC were of the same importance for mixtures with higher water content. With the increase in concentration of glycerin in the mixture, decrease in total HTC with increasing subcooling became more significant.

Heat transfer coefficients were investigated for saturated nucleate pool boiling of binary mixtures of water and glycerin at atmospheric pressure in a wide range of concentrations and heat fluxes. Mixtures with water mass fractions from $100\%$ to $40\%$ were boiled on a horizontal flat copper surface at heat fluxes from about 25 up to $270\mathrm{kW}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$. Experiments were carried out by static and dynamic method of measurement. Results of the static method show that the impact of mixture effects on heat transfer coefficient cannot be neglected and ideal heat transfer coefficient has to be corrected for all investigated concentrations and heat fluxes. Experimental data are correlated with the empirical correlation $\alpha =0.59q^{0.714+0.130{\omega }_w}$ with mean relative error of $6\%$. Taking mixture effects into account, data are also successfully correlated with the combination of Stephan and Abdelsalam (1980) and Schlünder (1982) correlations with mean relative error of about $15\%$. Recommended coefficients of Schlünder correlation $C_0=1$ and ${\beta }_L=2\times {10}^{-4}\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ were found to be acceptable for all investigated mixtures. The dynamic method was developed for fast measurement of heat transfer coefficients at continuous change of composition of boiling mixture. The dynamic method was tested for water–glycerin mixtures with water mass fractions from $70\%$ down to $35\%$. Results of the dynamic method were found to be comparable with the static method. For water–glycerin mixtures with higher water mass fractions, precise temperature measurements are needed.

The effect of flocculation time, flocculant dosage, pollutant concentration, mixing intensity and tank size on flocculation performance was experimentally studied in a mechanically agitated vessel. The macroscopic approach was applied for fl occulation modelling. The simple semi-empirical generalized correlation for flocculation kinetics proposed by Šulc (2003a) and the simple semi-empirical generalized correlation quantifying the effect of flocculation time and flocculant dosage on fl occulation proposed by Šulc, Ditl (2007) were used for data treatment.