Boron-doped diamond electrodes have found applications in the detection, monitoring, and mitigation of toxic chemicals resulting from various industries and human activities. The boron-doped diamond electrode is a widely applicable technology in this field, primarily due to its excellent surface characteristics: minimal to no adsorption, a wide operating potential range, robustness, and high selectivity. These extraordinary properties can be further enhanced through surface termination, which can additionally improve the analytical performance of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. The high accuracy and precision of the developed methods indicate the broad practical applicability of these electrodes across various sample matrices. Some studies have shown that different strategies can lead to enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, such as modifying the electrode surface (nanostructuring), forming different composite materials based on BDD, or implementing miniaturization techniques. Thus, this review summarizes the recent literature on the electroanalytical applications of BDDE surfaces, with a particular focus on environmental applications.

In this work, we successfully prepared a modified cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) carbon paste electrode to detect Levofloxacin (LEV). By synthesizing Co₃O₄ nanoparticles through the chemical coprecipitation method, the electrochemical properties of the electrode and LEV were thoroughly investigated using CV, SWV, and EIS, while material properties were scrutinized using ICP-OES, TEM, SEM, and XRD. The results showed that the prepared electrode displayed a better electrocatalytic response than the bare carbon paste electrode. After optimizing SWV, the electrode exhibited a wide linear working range from 1 to 85 μM at pH 5 of BRBS as the supporting electrolyte. The selectivity of the proposed method was satisfactory, with good repeatability and reproducibility, strongly suggesting a potential application for determining LEV in real samples, particularly in pharmaceutical formulations. The practicality of the approach was demonstrated through good recoveries, and the morphology of the materials was found to be closely related to other parameters, indicating that the developed method can provide a cost-effective, rapid, selective, and sensitive means for LEV monitoring. Overall, this project has made significant progress towards developing a reliable method for detecting LEV and has opened up new opportunities for future research in this field.

This study focused on creating a highly effective sensor for detecting and quantifying the nitrogen-organic pollutant metol (MTL). For this purpose, samarium molybdate (Sm2(MoO4)3) nanoparticles were synthesized using an eco-friendly, organic solvent-free and cost-effective hydrothermal method. These nanoparticles were used as a modifier of carbon paste electrodes (CPE), showing exceptional catalytic efficiency. Electrochemical measurements revealed that the developed electrode facilitates electron transfer processes and enhances the catalytic response. The resulting Sm2(MoO4)3/CPE sensor exhibited a broad linear range of 0.1?100 and 100?300 ?M of MTL, with low detection and quantification limits of 0.047 and 0.156 ?M, respectively, at pH 3 in a Britton?Robinson buffer solution (BRBS) as the supporting electrolyte. The findings from the analysis of real water samples from various sources using this sensor were encouraging, suggesting that this method could offer a cost- -effective, rapid and sensitive sensor for ambient MTL monitoring.

This study presents the development of a novel electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of triclosan (TSC) on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) and doped with yttrium oxide nanoparticles (Y₂O₃). The materials and proposed electrode were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The modified sensor exhibited significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards TSC compared to the unmodified CPE. The sensor demonstrated a wide linear detection range, which was obtained using square wave voltammetric method (SWV), with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.137 µM and a low limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.455 µM. The sensor also exhibited excellent selectivity towards TSC in the presence of various interfering substances. The practical applicability of the sensor was evaluated through real-sample analysis, where it was successfully used to determine TSC levels in tap water and toothpaste samples. The sensor demonstrated high recovery rates and minimal matrix effects, indicating its suitability for real-world applications. In conclusion, the developed CPE/Y₂O₃@GCN sensor offers a promising approach for the sensitive, selective, and reliable detection of triclosan in environmental and consumer products.