A type of telecommunication technology called an ultra-wideband (UWB) is used to provide a typical solution for short-range wireless communication due to large bandwidth and low power consumption in transmission and reception. Printed monopole antennas are considered as a preferred platform for implementing this technology because of its alluring characteristics such as light weight, low cost, ease of fabrication, integration capability with other systems, etc. Therefore, a compact-sized ultra-wideband (UWB) printed monopole antenna with improved gain and efficiency is presented in this article. Computer simulation technology microwave studio (CSTMWS) software is used to build and analyze the proposed antenna design technique. This broadband printed monopole antenna contains a jug-shaped radiator fed by a coplanar waveguide (CPW) technique. The designed UWB antenna is fabricated on a low-cost FR-4 substrate with relative permittivity of 4.3, loss tangent of 0.025, and a standard height of 1.6 mm, sized at 25 mm × 22 mm × 1.6 mm, suitable for wireless communication system. The designed UWB antenna works with maximum gain (peak gain of 4.1 dB) across the whole UWB spectrum of 3–11 GHz. The results are simulated, measured, and debated in detail. Different parametric studies based on numerical simulations are involved to arrive at the optimal design through monitoring the effects of adding cuts on the performance of the proposed antennas. Therefore, these parametric studies are optimized to achieve maximum antenna bandwidth with relatively best gain. The proposed patch antenna shape is like a jug with a handle that offers greater bandwidth, good gain, higher efficiency, and compact size.

The increasing energy demand and initiatives to lower carbon emissions have elevated the significance of renewable energy sources. Photovoltaic (PV) systems are pivotal in converting solar energy into electricity and have a significant role in sustainable energy production. Therefore, it is critical to implement maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers to optimize the efficiency of PV systems by extracting accessible maximum power. This research investigates the performance and comparison of various MPPT control algorithms for a standalone PV system. Several cases involving individual MPPT controllers, as well as hybrid combinations using two and three controllers, have been simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The sensed parameters, i.e., output power, voltage, and current, specify that though individual controllers effectively track the maximum power point, hybrid controllers achieve superior performance by utilizing the combined strengths of each algorithm. The results indicate that individual MPPT controllers, such as perturb and observe (P&O), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and fuzzy logic (FL), achieved tracking efficiencies of 97.6%, 90.3%, and 90.1%, respectively. In contrast, hybrid dual controllers such as P&O-PSO, PSO-FL, and P&O-FL demonstrated improved performance, with tracking efficiencies of 96.8%, 96.4%, and 96.5%, respectively. This research also proposes a new hybrid triple-MPPT controller combining P&O-PSO-FL, which surpassed both individual and dual-hybrid controllers, achieving an impressive efficiency of 99.5%. Finally, a comparison of all seven cases of MPPT control algorithms is presented, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of individual as well as hybrid approaches.

This article presents a compact size circularly polarized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based wideband antenna array that serves industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band applications. A coplanar waveguide (CPW) technique is used to ensure the antenna size compactness. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a low-profile Rogers RT6002 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.94, tanδ of 0.0012 and an approximate height of 0.76mm. The proposed design covers the frequency range from 2.15 GHz to 3.63 GHz (60.4%) while the axial ratio has a 3 dB bandwidth covering from 2.19 GHz to 2.51 GHz (13%) at the operating band of 2.45 GHz. The antenna is miniaturized and has a size of about 46.50 × 29 × 0.76 mm³. The simulation and experimental results are taken into consideration and there is a good promise between them. Hence, the antenna is a suitable applicant to be utilized for the applications in the ISM band.

In this paper, we extend the characterizations of Kuroki [Regular fuzzy duo rings. Inform Sci. 1996;96:119–139], by initiating the concept of fuzzy left (resp. right, interior, quasi-, bi-, generalized bi-) ideals in a class of non-associative and non-commutative rings (LA-ring). We characterize regular (intra-regular, both regular and intra-regular) LA-rings in terms of such ideals.