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Desalination has become one of the obvious solutions for the global water crisis due to affording high-quality water from seawater and brackish water resources. As a result, there are continuing efforts being made to improve desalination technologies, especially the one producing high-quantity freshwater, i.e., thermal desalination. This improvement must be accomplished via enhancement of process design through optimization which is implicitly dependent on providing a generic process model. Due to the scarcity of a comprehensive review paper for modeling multi-effect distillation (MED) process, this topic is becoming more important. Therefore, this paper intends to capture the evolution of modeling the forward feed MED (most common type) and shed a light on its branches of steady-state and dynamic modeling. The maturity of the models developed for MED will be thoroughly reviewed to clarify the general efforts made highlighting the advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the outputs of this review, the requirements of process development and emerging challengeable matters of modeling will be specified. This, in turn, would afford a possible improvement strategy to gain a reliable and sustainable thermal desalination process.
Omer Mohamed Abubaker Al-Hotmani; Mudhar Abdul Alwahab Al-Obaidi; Yakubu Mandafiya John; Raj Patel; Iqbal M Mujtaba. Scope and Limitations of the Mathematical Models Developed for the Forward Feed Multi-Effect Distillation Process—A Review. Processes 2020, 8, 1174 .
AMA StyleOmer Mohamed Abubaker Al-Hotmani, Mudhar Abdul Alwahab Al-Obaidi, Yakubu Mandafiya John, Raj Patel, Iqbal M Mujtaba. Scope and Limitations of the Mathematical Models Developed for the Forward Feed Multi-Effect Distillation Process—A Review. Processes. 2020; 8 (9):1174.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmer Mohamed Abubaker Al-Hotmani; Mudhar Abdul Alwahab Al-Obaidi; Yakubu Mandafiya John; Raj Patel; Iqbal M Mujtaba. 2020. "Scope and Limitations of the Mathematical Models Developed for the Forward Feed Multi-Effect Distillation Process—A Review." Processes 8, no. 9: 1174.
In recent times two or more desalination processes have been combined to form integrated systems that have been widely used to resolve the limitations of individual processes as well as producing high performance systems. In this regard, a simple integrated system of the Multi Effect Distillation (MED)/Thermal Vapour Compression (TVC) and Permeate Reprocessing Reverse Osmosis (PRRO) process was developed by the same authors and confirmed its validity after a comparison study against other developed configurations. However, this design has a considerable amount of retentate flowrate and low productivity. To resolve this issue, two novel designs of MED and double reverse osmosis (RO) processes including Permeate and Retentate Reprocessing designs (PRRP and RRRO) are developed and modelled in this paper. To systematically assess the consistency of the presented designs, the performance indicators of the novel designs are compared against previous simple designs of MED and PRRO processes at a specified set of operating conditions. Results show the superiority of the integrated MED and double permeate reprocessing design. This has specifically achieved both economic and environmental advantages where total productivity is increased by around 9% and total retentate flowrate (disposed to water bodies) is reduced by 5% with a marginally reduced energy consumption.
Omer Mohamed Abubaker Al-Hotmani; Mudhar Abdul Alwahab Al-Obaidi; Yakubu Mandafiya John; Raj Patel; Iqbal Mhohammed Mujtaba. An Innovative Design of an Integrated MED-TVC and Reverse Osmosis System for Seawater Desalination: Process Explanation and Performance Evaluation. Processes 2020, 8, 607 .
AMA StyleOmer Mohamed Abubaker Al-Hotmani, Mudhar Abdul Alwahab Al-Obaidi, Yakubu Mandafiya John, Raj Patel, Iqbal Mhohammed Mujtaba. An Innovative Design of an Integrated MED-TVC and Reverse Osmosis System for Seawater Desalination: Process Explanation and Performance Evaluation. Processes. 2020; 8 (5):607.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmer Mohamed Abubaker Al-Hotmani; Mudhar Abdul Alwahab Al-Obaidi; Yakubu Mandafiya John; Raj Patel; Iqbal Mhohammed Mujtaba. 2020. "An Innovative Design of an Integrated MED-TVC and Reverse Osmosis System for Seawater Desalination: Process Explanation and Performance Evaluation." Processes 8, no. 5: 607.
The reverse osmosis (RO) process is one of the best desalination methods, using membranes to reject several impurities from seawater and brackish water. To systematically perceive the transport phenomena of solvent and solutes via the membrane texture, several mathematical models have been developed. To date, a large number of simulation and optimisation studies have been achieved to gauge the influence of control variables on the performance indexes, to adjust the key variables at optimum values, and to realise the optimum production indexes. This paper delivers an intensive review of the successful models of the RO process and both simulation and optimisation studies carried out on the basis of the models developed. In general, this paper investigates the scope and limitations of the RO process, as well as proving the maturity of the associated perspective methodologies.
Alanood A. Alsarayreh; Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi; Raj Patel; Iqbal M. Mujtaba. Scope and Limitations of Modelling, Simulation, and Optimisation of a Spiral Wound Reverse Osmosis Process-Based Water Desalination. Processes 2020, 8, 573 .
AMA StyleAlanood A. Alsarayreh, Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi, Raj Patel, Iqbal M. Mujtaba. Scope and Limitations of Modelling, Simulation, and Optimisation of a Spiral Wound Reverse Osmosis Process-Based Water Desalination. Processes. 2020; 8 (5):573.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlanood A. Alsarayreh; Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi; Raj Patel; Iqbal M. Mujtaba. 2020. "Scope and Limitations of Modelling, Simulation, and Optimisation of a Spiral Wound Reverse Osmosis Process-Based Water Desalination." Processes 8, no. 5: 573.
Steady state and dynamic modelling and simulation of catalytic reforming unit of Kaduna Refining & Petrochemical Company, NNPC (Nigeria) was carried to find out the behaviour of the reactions under both steady and unsteady state conditions. The basic model together with kinetic and thermodynamic parameters and properties were taken from the literature but is developed in gPROMs (an equation oriented modelling software) model building platform for the first time rather than in MATLAB or other modelling platform used by other researchers in the past. The simulation was performed using gPROMs and the predictions were validated against those available in the literature. The validated model was then used to monitor the behaviour of the temperature, concentrations of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics with respect to both time and height of the reactor of the industrial refinery of Nigeria. Hydrogen yield, Research octane number (RON) and temperature profiles are also reported. The components behave similarly in terms of reactions in the reactors but the time to attain quasi-steady state is different. The results are in good agreement with the industrial plant data.
Aminu Zakari Yusuf; Benjamin Aderemi; Raj Patel; Iqbal M. Mujtaba. Study of Industrial Naphtha Catalytic Reforming Reactions via Modelling and Simulation. Processes 2019, 7, 192 .
AMA StyleAminu Zakari Yusuf, Benjamin Aderemi, Raj Patel, Iqbal M. Mujtaba. Study of Industrial Naphtha Catalytic Reforming Reactions via Modelling and Simulation. Processes. 2019; 7 (4):192.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAminu Zakari Yusuf; Benjamin Aderemi; Raj Patel; Iqbal M. Mujtaba. 2019. "Study of Industrial Naphtha Catalytic Reforming Reactions via Modelling and Simulation." Processes 7, no. 4: 192.
Plasma technology has been widely used to increase the surface energy of the polymer surfaces for many industrial applications; in particular to increase in wettability. The present work was carried out to investigate how surface modification using plasma treatment modifies the surface energy of micro-injection moulded microneedles and its influence on drug delivery. Microneedles of polyether ether ketone and polycarbonate and have been manufactured using micro-injection moulding and samples from each production batch have been subsequently subjected to a range of plasma treatment. These samples were coated with bovine serum albumin to study the protein adsorption on these treated polymer surfaces. Sample surfaces structures, before and after treatment, were studied using atomic force microscope and surface energies have been obtained using contact angle measurement and calculated using the Owens-Wendt theory. Adsorption performance of bovine serum albumin and release kinetics for each sample set was assessed using a Franz diffusion cell. Results indicate that plasma treatment significantly increases the surface energy and roughness of the microneedles resulting in better adsorption and release of BSA.
Karthik Nair; Benjamin Whiteside; Colin Grant; Rajnikant Patel; Cristina Tuinea-Bobe; Keith Norris; Anant Paradkar. Investigation of Plasma Treatment on Micro-Injection Moulded Microneedle for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2015, 7, 471 -485.
AMA StyleKarthik Nair, Benjamin Whiteside, Colin Grant, Rajnikant Patel, Cristina Tuinea-Bobe, Keith Norris, Anant Paradkar. Investigation of Plasma Treatment on Micro-Injection Moulded Microneedle for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2015; 7 (4):471-485.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarthik Nair; Benjamin Whiteside; Colin Grant; Rajnikant Patel; Cristina Tuinea-Bobe; Keith Norris; Anant Paradkar. 2015. "Investigation of Plasma Treatment on Micro-Injection Moulded Microneedle for Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 7, no. 4: 471-485.
Polymer nanocomposites are usually characterized using various methods, such as small angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) or transmission electron microscopy, to gain insights into the morphology of the material. The disadvantages of these common characterization methods are that they are expensive and time consuming in terms of sample preparation and testing. In this work, near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) spectroscopy is used to characterize nanocomposites produced using a unique twin-screw mini-mixer, which is able to replicate, at ~25 g scale, the same mixing quality as in larger scale twin screw extruders. We correlated the results of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, G′ and G″ from rotational rheology, Young’s modulus, and tensile strength with those of NIR spectroscopy. Our work has demonstrated that NIR-technology is suitable for quantitative characterization of such properties. Furthermore, the results are very promising regarding the fact that the NIR probe can be installed in a nanocomposite-processing twin screw extruder to measure inline and in real time, and could be used to help optimize the compounding process for increased quality, consistency, and enhanced product properties.
Andreas Witschnigg; Stephan Laske; Clemens Holzer; Raj Patel; Atif Khan; Hadj Benkreira; Phil Coates. Near Infrared Investigation of Polypropylene–Clay Nanocomposites for Further Quality Control Purposes—Opportunities and Limitations. Materials 2015, 8, 5730 -5743.
AMA StyleAndreas Witschnigg, Stephan Laske, Clemens Holzer, Raj Patel, Atif Khan, Hadj Benkreira, Phil Coates. Near Infrared Investigation of Polypropylene–Clay Nanocomposites for Further Quality Control Purposes—Opportunities and Limitations. Materials. 2015; 8 (9):5730-5743.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Witschnigg; Stephan Laske; Clemens Holzer; Raj Patel; Atif Khan; Hadj Benkreira; Phil Coates. 2015. "Near Infrared Investigation of Polypropylene–Clay Nanocomposites for Further Quality Control Purposes—Opportunities and Limitations." Materials 8, no. 9: 5730-5743.
The performance of a batch reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process in terms of permeate quantity and salinity as a function of feed pressure and feed salinity is evaluated by using laboratory experiments and process modeling. Special attention is paid to the water and salt permeability constants (Kw, Ks) which affect the permeate and salt flux across the membrane. Kw and Ks are found to be strongly pressure-dependent for the batch system which is in-line with earlier observations for continuous RO systems. However, the most important findings of this work are the dependence of Kw and Ks on feed salinity, something that have never been observed or reported in the literature. In order to better qualify these observations, further experiments with the batch system are conducted with a constant feed salinity so that the operating condition resembles that of a continuous RO process.
M. Barello; D. Manca; R. Patel; I.M. Mujtaba. Operation and modeling of RO desalination process in batch mode. Computers & Chemical Engineering 2015, 83, 139 -156.
AMA StyleM. Barello, D. Manca, R. Patel, I.M. Mujtaba. Operation and modeling of RO desalination process in batch mode. Computers & Chemical Engineering. 2015; 83 ():139-156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Barello; D. Manca; R. Patel; I.M. Mujtaba. 2015. "Operation and modeling of RO desalination process in batch mode." Computers & Chemical Engineering 83, no. : 139-156.