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The potential of Lemna minor to valorise agricultural wastewater into a protein-rich feed component to meet the growing demand for animal feed protein and reduce the excess of nutrients in certain European regions was investigated. Three pilot-scale systems were monitored for nine weeks under outdoor conditions in Flanders. The systems were fed with a mixture of the liquid fraction and the biological effluent of a swine manure treatment system diluted with rainwater in order that the weekly N and P addition was equal to the N and P removal by the system. The design tested the accumulation of elements in a continuous recirculation system. Potassium, Cl, S, Ca, and Mg were abundantly available in the swine manure wastewaters and tended to accumulate, being a possible cause of concern for long-operating recirculation systems. The harvested duckweed was characterised for its mineral composition and protein content. In animal husbandry, trace elements are specifically added to animal feed as micronutrients and, thus, feedstuffs biofortified with essential trace elements can provide added value. Duckweed grown on the tested mixture of swine manure waste streams could be considered as a source of Mn, Zn, and Fe for swine feed, while it is not a source of Cu for swine feed. Moreover, it was observed that As, Cd, and Pb content were below the limits of the feed Directive 2002/32/EC in the duckweed grown on the tested medium. Overall, these results demonstrate that duckweed can effectively remove nutrients from agriculture wastewaters in a recirculated system while producing a feed source with a protein content of 35% DM.
Reindert Devlamynck; Marcella de Souza; Jan Leenknegt; Liesbeth Jacxsens; Mia Eeckhout; Erik Meers. Lemna minor Cultivation for Treating Swine Manure and Providing Micronutrients for Animal Feed. Plants 2021, 10, 1124 .
AMA StyleReindert Devlamynck, Marcella de Souza, Jan Leenknegt, Liesbeth Jacxsens, Mia Eeckhout, Erik Meers. Lemna minor Cultivation for Treating Swine Manure and Providing Micronutrients for Animal Feed. Plants. 2021; 10 (6):1124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleReindert Devlamynck; Marcella de Souza; Jan Leenknegt; Liesbeth Jacxsens; Mia Eeckhout; Erik Meers. 2021. "Lemna minor Cultivation for Treating Swine Manure and Providing Micronutrients for Animal Feed." Plants 10, no. 6: 1124.
A sound fundamental knowledge of the seed and flour characteristics of pseudocereals is crucial to be able to promote their industrial use. As a first step towards a more efficient and successful application, this study focuses on the seed characteristics, chemical composition and technological properties of commercially available pseudocereals (amaranth, quinoa, buckwheat). The levels of starch, fat, dietary fiber and minerals were comparable for amaranth and quinoa seeds but the protein content is higher in amaranth. Due to the high amount of starch, buckwheat seeds are characterised by the lowest amounts of fat, dietary fibre and minerals. Its protein content ranged between that of amaranth and quinoa. Buckwheat seeds were larger but easily reduced in size. The lipid fraction of the pseudocereals mostly contained unsaturated fatty acids, with the highest prevalence of linoleic and oleic acid. Palmitic acid is the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid. Moreover, high levels of P, K and Mg were found in these pseudocereals. The highest phenolic content was found in buckwheat. Amaranth WMF (wholemeal flour) had a high swelling power but low shear stability. The pasting profile strongly varied among the different quinoa WMFs. Buckwheat WMFs showed high shear stability and rate of retrogradation.
Phara De Bock; Lori Daelemans; Lotte Selis; Katleen Raes; Pieter Vermeir; Mia Eeckhout; Filip Van Bockstaele. Comparison of the Chemical and Technological Characteristics of Wholemeal Flours Obtained from Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.), Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and Buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.) Seeds. Foods 2021, 10, 651 .
AMA StylePhara De Bock, Lori Daelemans, Lotte Selis, Katleen Raes, Pieter Vermeir, Mia Eeckhout, Filip Van Bockstaele. Comparison of the Chemical and Technological Characteristics of Wholemeal Flours Obtained from Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.), Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and Buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.) Seeds. Foods. 2021; 10 (3):651.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhara De Bock; Lori Daelemans; Lotte Selis; Katleen Raes; Pieter Vermeir; Mia Eeckhout; Filip Van Bockstaele. 2021. "Comparison of the Chemical and Technological Characteristics of Wholemeal Flours Obtained from Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.), Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and Buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.) Seeds." Foods 10, no. 3: 651.
This study investigated the potential of Lemna minor to valorise agricultural wastewater in protein-rich feed material in order to meet the growing demand for animal feed protein and reduce the excess of nutrients in certain European regions. For this purpose, three pilot-scale systems were monitored for 175 days under outdoor conditions in Flanders. The systems were fed with the effluent of aquaculture (pikeperch production—PP), a mixture of diluted pig manure wastewater (PM), and a synthetic medium (SM). PM showed the highest productivity (6.1 ± 2.5 g DW m−2 d−1) and N uptake (327 ± 107 mg N m−2 d−1). PP yielded a similar productivity and both wastewaters resulted in higher productivities than SM. Furthermore, all media showed similar P uptake rates (65–70 P m−2 d−1). Finally, duckweed had a beneficial amino acid composition for humans (essential amino acid index = 1.1), broilers and pigs. This study also showed that the growing medium had more influence on the productivity of duckweed than on its amino acid composition or protein content, with the latter being only slightly affected by the different media studied. Overall, these results demonstrate that duckweed can effectively remove nutrients from agriculture wastewaters while producing quality protein.
Reindert Devlamynck; Marcella Fernandes de Souza; Evi Michels; Ivona Sigurnjak; Natalia Donoso; Carl Coudron; Jan Leenknegt; Pieter Vermeir; Mia Eeckhout; Erik Meers. Agronomic and Environmental Performance of Lemnaminor Cultivated on Agricultural Wastewater Streams—A Practical Approach. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1570 .
AMA StyleReindert Devlamynck, Marcella Fernandes de Souza, Evi Michels, Ivona Sigurnjak, Natalia Donoso, Carl Coudron, Jan Leenknegt, Pieter Vermeir, Mia Eeckhout, Erik Meers. Agronomic and Environmental Performance of Lemnaminor Cultivated on Agricultural Wastewater Streams—A Practical Approach. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1570.
Chicago/Turabian StyleReindert Devlamynck; Marcella Fernandes de Souza; Evi Michels; Ivona Sigurnjak; Natalia Donoso; Carl Coudron; Jan Leenknegt; Pieter Vermeir; Mia Eeckhout; Erik Meers. 2021. "Agronomic and Environmental Performance of Lemnaminor Cultivated on Agricultural Wastewater Streams—A Practical Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1570.
Together with conducive climatic factors, poor pre-harvest practices of ethnic small-holder farmers are a major cause of the contamination of maize by Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisins. The proliferation of this field pathogen and the accumulation of its mycotoxins in post-harvest maize caused by ethnic post-harvest practices of subsistence farms have received little attention. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of traditional harvest and post-harvest practices on the proliferation of F. verticillioides and fumonisins contamination in post-harvest maize of two ethnic groups: Ede and Kinh from the central highlands of Vietnam. In parallel with analysis, a survey on harvest and post-harvest practices of these farmers was conducted from late December 2017 to early January 2019. As a result, four effective post-harvest practices at mitigating the contamination were defined: (1) removal of damaged cobs at harvest, (2) transport of maize home after harvest, (3) shelling maize away from fields, and (4) drying maize on cement yards. These practices were better implemented by Kinh households than Ede households reducing the post-harvest contamination of maize with F. verticillioides and fumonisin B1 (FB1), FB2, and FB3. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement with respect to inadequate open-air drying method, poor storage infrastructure, and poor moisture content management as these correlated to the proliferation of F. verticillioides. Finally, the presence of fumonisins together with aflatoxins in some samples at the storage phase might cause a severe impact on human health.
Trang Minh Tran; Maarten Ameye; Lien Thi-Kim Phan; Frank Devlieghere; Sarah De Saeger; Mia Eeckhout; Kris Audenaert. Post-harvest contamination of maize by Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisins linked to traditional harvest and post-harvest practices: A case study of small-holder farms in Vietnam. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2020, 339, 109022 .
AMA StyleTrang Minh Tran, Maarten Ameye, Lien Thi-Kim Phan, Frank Devlieghere, Sarah De Saeger, Mia Eeckhout, Kris Audenaert. Post-harvest contamination of maize by Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisins linked to traditional harvest and post-harvest practices: A case study of small-holder farms in Vietnam. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2020; 339 ():109022.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrang Minh Tran; Maarten Ameye; Lien Thi-Kim Phan; Frank Devlieghere; Sarah De Saeger; Mia Eeckhout; Kris Audenaert. 2020. "Post-harvest contamination of maize by Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisins linked to traditional harvest and post-harvest practices: A case study of small-holder farms in Vietnam." International Journal of Food Microbiology 339, no. : 109022.
The vast majority of medicines in pig rearing are administered via oral group medication through medicated feed and drinking water. However, relevant on-farm factors affecting the concentration of these drugs in feed and drinking water, such as the homogeneity, stability, and cross-contamination, are largely unknown. To characterize these factors, samples of medicated feed and drinking water were taken on 24 Belgian pig farms during treatment and 2 days thereafter, as well as at different on-farm sampling sites from production to feeding troughs or drinking nipples. The samples contained amoxicillin, doxycycline, florfenicol, or flubendazole. Additionally, a questionnaire was completed. In contrast to the results of medicated feed, results of medicated water showed a large between-farm variation in antimicrobial drug concentration. The therapeutic concentration range was only met in 2 out of 11 farms using medicated feed, and in 3 out of 13 farms using medicated water. Medicated feed concentrations were often below the therapeutic concentration range mentioned in the Summary of Product Characteristics, while drinking water concentrations were just as often above as they were below the advised target concentration range. Drug residues measured 2 days after the end of therapy with both feed and water medication rarely exceeded 1% of the lowest therapeutic concentration. This study demonstrates that recommendations on good clinical practices for oral group medication in the pig industry are highly needed.
Femke Vandael; Helena Cardoso De Carvalho Ferreira; Mathias Devreese; Jeroen Dewulf; Els Daeseleire; Mia Eeckhout; Siska Croubels. Stability, Homogeneity and Carry-Over of Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol and Flubendazole in Medicated Feed and Drinking Water on 24 Pig Farms. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 563 .
AMA StyleFemke Vandael, Helena Cardoso De Carvalho Ferreira, Mathias Devreese, Jeroen Dewulf, Els Daeseleire, Mia Eeckhout, Siska Croubels. Stability, Homogeneity and Carry-Over of Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol and Flubendazole in Medicated Feed and Drinking Water on 24 Pig Farms. Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (9):563.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFemke Vandael; Helena Cardoso De Carvalho Ferreira; Mathias Devreese; Jeroen Dewulf; Els Daeseleire; Mia Eeckhout; Siska Croubels. 2020. "Stability, Homogeneity and Carry-Over of Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol and Flubendazole in Medicated Feed and Drinking Water on 24 Pig Farms." Antibiotics 9, no. 9: 563.
Besides conducive environmental factors in the tropics, pre-harvest practices significantly correlate to an increased contamination of crops by plant pathogens and related mycotoxins. Small-holder ethnic farmers are a vulnerable group in the face of these contaminations. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the impact of traditional pre-harvest practices on the occurrence of Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisins in maize fields of two Vietnamese small-holder ethnic communities. Sampling along with a questionnaire for the inventory of pre-harvest practices was performed in the Ede (n = 18) and Kinh (n = 13) households from Vietnam between late December 2017 and early January 2019. As a result, the CP888-line fields planted by 39% of the Kinh households accumulated a higher median FB1 level of 987 ± 843 μg kg−1 compared to the NK7328-line fields (0 ± 5 μg kg−1) planted by 67% of the Ede households (p-value < 0.05). Mono-cropping system (applied by 72% of the Ede and 54% of the Kinh) increased the incidence of FB1 contamination in maize fields by roughly 50% compared to mixed-cropping system. Also, the crop residues-free fields had lower the incidence of FB1 (29%, n = 17) than the fields with crop residues (71%, n = 14). Otherwise, tillage practices, pest management, and irrigation did not affect significantly FB1 contamination in their maize fields.
Minh Trang Tran; Maarten Ameye; Lien Thi-Kim Phan; Frank Devlieghere; Sarah De Saeger; Mia Eeckhout; Kris Audenaert. Impact of ethnic pre-harvest practices on the occurrence of Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin B1 in maize fields from Vietnam. Food Control 2020, 120, 107567 .
AMA StyleMinh Trang Tran, Maarten Ameye, Lien Thi-Kim Phan, Frank Devlieghere, Sarah De Saeger, Mia Eeckhout, Kris Audenaert. Impact of ethnic pre-harvest practices on the occurrence of Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin B1 in maize fields from Vietnam. Food Control. 2020; 120 ():107567.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinh Trang Tran; Maarten Ameye; Lien Thi-Kim Phan; Frank Devlieghere; Sarah De Saeger; Mia Eeckhout; Kris Audenaert. 2020. "Impact of ethnic pre-harvest practices on the occurrence of Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin B1 in maize fields from Vietnam." Food Control 120, no. : 107567.
In Europe, the toxicological safety of genetically modified (GM) crops is routinely evaluated using rodent feeding trials, originally designed for testing oral toxicity of chemical compounds. We aimed to develop and optimize methods for advancing the use of zebrafish feeding trials for the safety evaluation of GM crops, using maize as a case study. In a first step, we evaluated the effect of different maize substitution levels. Our results demonstrate the need for preliminary testing to assess potential feed component-related effects on the overall nutritional balance. Next, since a potential effect of a GM crop should ideally be interpreted relative to the natural response variation (i.e., the range of biological values that is considered normal for a particular endpoint) in order to assess the toxicological relevance, we established natural response variation datasets for various zebrafish endpoints. We applied equivalence testing to calculate threshold equivalence limits (ELs) based on the natural response variation as a method for quantifying the range within which a GM crop and its control are considered equivalent. Finally, our results illustrate that the use of commercial control diets (CCDs) and null segregant (NS) controls (helpful for assessing potential effects of the transformation process) would be valuable additions to GM safety assessment strategies.
Isabelle J. Gabriëls; Lucia Vergauwen; Marthe De Boevre; Stefan Van Dongen; Ronny Blust; Sarah De Saeger; Mia Eeckhout; Marc De Loose; Dries Knapen. Optimizing the Use of Zebrafish Feeding Trials for the Safety Evaluation of Genetically Modified Crops. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019, 20, 1472 .
AMA StyleIsabelle J. Gabriëls, Lucia Vergauwen, Marthe De Boevre, Stefan Van Dongen, Ronny Blust, Sarah De Saeger, Mia Eeckhout, Marc De Loose, Dries Knapen. Optimizing the Use of Zebrafish Feeding Trials for the Safety Evaluation of Genetically Modified Crops. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20 (6):1472.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsabelle J. Gabriëls; Lucia Vergauwen; Marthe De Boevre; Stefan Van Dongen; Ronny Blust; Sarah De Saeger; Mia Eeckhout; Marc De Loose; Dries Knapen. 2019. "Optimizing the Use of Zebrafish Feeding Trials for the Safety Evaluation of Genetically Modified Crops." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6: 1472.
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is highly prevalent in cereals in moderate climates and therefore pigs are often exposed to a DON-contaminated diet. Pigs are highly susceptible to DON and intake of DON-contaminated feed may lead to an altered immune response and may influence the pathogenesis of specific bacterial diseases. Therefore, the maximum guidance level in feed is lowest in this species and has been set at 900 μg/kg feed by the European Commission. This study aimed to determine the effect of in-feed administration of a moderately high DON concentration (1514 μg/kg) on the severity of an experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) infection in weaned piglets. Fifty M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were assigned at 30 days of age [study day (D)0] to four different groups: 1) negative control group (NCG; n = 5), 2) DON-contaminated group (DON; n = 15), 3) DON-contaminated and M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated group (DONMHYO; n = 15), 4) M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated group (MHYO; n = 15). The piglets were fed the experimental diets ad libitum for five weeks and were monitored during this period and euthanized at day 35 [27 days post infection (DPI)] or 36 (28 DPI). The main parameters under investigation were macroscopic lung lesions (MLL) at euthanasia, respiratory disease score (RDS) from day 8 until day 35, histopathologic lesions and log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA detected by qPCR, determined at the day of euthanasia. No significant difference was obtained for MLL at euthanasia, RDS (8–35), histopathologic lung lesions and log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA in the DONMHYO and MHYO group and consequently, no enhancement of the severity of the M. hyopneumoniae infection could be detected in the DONMHYO compared to the MHYO group. Under present conditions, the findings imply that feed contaminated with DON (1514 μg/kg) provided to weaned pigs for five weeks did not increase the severity of an experimental M. hyopneumoniae infection. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of DON on M. hyopneumoniae infections in a multi-mycotoxin and multi-pathogen environment.
Annelies Michiels; Ioannis Arsenakis; Anneleen Matthijs; Filip Boyen; Geert Haesaert; Kris Audenaert; Mia Eeckhout; Siska Croubels; Freddy Haesebrouck; Dominiek Maes. Clinical impact of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol on the severity of an experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs. BMC Veterinary Research 2018, 14, 1 -12.
AMA StyleAnnelies Michiels, Ioannis Arsenakis, Anneleen Matthijs, Filip Boyen, Geert Haesaert, Kris Audenaert, Mia Eeckhout, Siska Croubels, Freddy Haesebrouck, Dominiek Maes. Clinical impact of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol on the severity of an experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs. BMC Veterinary Research. 2018; 14 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnelies Michiels; Ioannis Arsenakis; Anneleen Matthijs; Filip Boyen; Geert Haesaert; Kris Audenaert; Mia Eeckhout; Siska Croubels; Freddy Haesebrouck; Dominiek Maes. 2018. "Clinical impact of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol on the severity of an experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs." BMC Veterinary Research 14, no. 1: 1-12.
A sample preparation method was developed for the screening of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat and wheat dust. Extraction was carried out with water and was successful due to the polar character of DON. For detection, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared to the sensor-based techniques of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and biolayer interferometry (BLI) in terms of sensitivity, affinity and matrix effect. The matrix effects from wheat and wheat dust using SPR were too high to further use this screenings method. The preferred ELISA and BLI methods were validated according to the criteria established in Commission Regulation 519/2014/EC and Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. A small survey was executed on 16 wheat lots and their corresponding dust samples using the validated ELISA method. A linear correlation (r = 0.889) was found for the DON concentration in dust versus the DON concentration in wheat (LOD wheat: 233 μg/kg, LOD wheat dust: 458 μg/kg).
Melanie Sanders; Daniel McPartlin; Kara Moran; Yirong Guo; Mia Eeckhout; Richard O’Kennedy; Sarah De Saeger; Chris Maragos. Comparison of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Surface Plasmon Resonance and Biolayer Interferometry for Screening of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat and Wheat Dust. Toxins 2016, 8, 103 .
AMA StyleMelanie Sanders, Daniel McPartlin, Kara Moran, Yirong Guo, Mia Eeckhout, Richard O’Kennedy, Sarah De Saeger, Chris Maragos. Comparison of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Surface Plasmon Resonance and Biolayer Interferometry for Screening of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat and Wheat Dust. Toxins. 2016; 8 (4):103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelanie Sanders; Daniel McPartlin; Kara Moran; Yirong Guo; Mia Eeckhout; Richard O’Kennedy; Sarah De Saeger; Chris Maragos. 2016. "Comparison of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Surface Plasmon Resonance and Biolayer Interferometry for Screening of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat and Wheat Dust." Toxins 8, no. 4: 103.
Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. This study aimed to investigate the effect of these feed contaminants on the intestinal morphology and microbiota composition, and to evaluate whether FBs predispose broilers to necrotic enteritis. One-day-old broiler chicks were divided into a group fed a control diet, and a group fed a FBs contaminated diet (18.6 mg FB1+FB2/kg feed). A significant increase in the plasma sphinganine/sphingosine ratio in the FBs-treated group (0.21 ± 0.016) compared to the control (0.14 ± 0.014) indicated disturbance of the sphingolipid biosynthesis. Furthermore, villus height and crypt depth of the ileum was significantly reduced by FBs. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed a shift in the microbiota composition in the ileum in the FBs group compared to the control. A reduced presence of low-GC containing operational taxonomic units in ileal digesta of birds exposed to FBs was demonstrated, and identified as a reduced abundance of Candidatus Savagella and Lactobaccilus spp. Quantification of total Clostridium perfringens in these ileal samples, previous to experimental infection, using cpa gene (alpha toxin) quantification by qPCR showed an increase in C. perfringens in chickens fed a FBs contaminated diet compared to control (7.5 ± 0.30 versus 6.3 ± 0.24 log10 copies/g intestinal content). After C. perfringens challenge, a higher percentage of birds developed subclinical necrotic enteritis in the group fed a FBs contaminated diet as compared to the control (44.9 ± 2.22% versus 29.8 ± 5.46%).
Gunther Antonissen; Siska Croubels; Frank Pasmans; Richard Ducatelle; Venessa Eeckhaut; Mathias Devreese; Marc Verlinden; Freddy Haesebrouck; Mia Eeckhout; Sarah De Saeger; Birgit Antlinger; Barbara Novak; An Martel; Filip Van Immerseel. Fumonisins affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic enteritis. Veterinary Research 2015, 46, 1 -11.
AMA StyleGunther Antonissen, Siska Croubels, Frank Pasmans, Richard Ducatelle, Venessa Eeckhaut, Mathias Devreese, Marc Verlinden, Freddy Haesebrouck, Mia Eeckhout, Sarah De Saeger, Birgit Antlinger, Barbara Novak, An Martel, Filip Van Immerseel. Fumonisins affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic enteritis. Veterinary Research. 2015; 46 (1):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGunther Antonissen; Siska Croubels; Frank Pasmans; Richard Ducatelle; Venessa Eeckhaut; Mathias Devreese; Marc Verlinden; Freddy Haesebrouck; Mia Eeckhout; Sarah De Saeger; Birgit Antlinger; Barbara Novak; An Martel; Filip Van Immerseel. 2015. "Fumonisins affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic enteritis." Veterinary Research 46, no. 1: 1-11.
The aim of this study was to characterize 27 feed additives marketed as mycotoxin binders and to screen them for their in vitro zearalenone (ZEN) adsorption. Firstly, 27 mycotoxin binders, commercially available in Belgium and The Netherlands, were selected and characterized. Characterization was comprised of X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiling of the mineral content and d-spacing, determination of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the exchangeable base cations, acidity, mineral fraction, relative humidity (RH) and swelling volume. Secondly, an in vitro screening experiment was performed to evaluate the adsorption of a single concentration of ZEN in a ZEN:binder ratio of 1:20,000. The free concentration of ZEN was measured after 4 h of incubation with each of the 27 mycotoxin binders at a pH of 2.5, 6.5 and 8.0. A significant correlation between the free concentration of ZEN and both the d-spacing and mineral fraction of the mycotoxin binders was seen at the three pH levels. A low free concentration of ZEN was demonstrated using binders containing mixed-layered smectites and binders containing humic acids.
Thomas De Mil; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; Eric Van Ranst; Mia Eeckhout; Patrick De Backer; Siska Croubels. Characterization of 27 Mycotoxin Binders and the Relation with in Vitro Zearalenone Adsorption at a Single Concentration. Toxins 2015, 7, 21 -33.
AMA StyleThomas De Mil, Mathias Devreese, Siegrid De Baere, Eric Van Ranst, Mia Eeckhout, Patrick De Backer, Siska Croubels. Characterization of 27 Mycotoxin Binders and the Relation with in Vitro Zearalenone Adsorption at a Single Concentration. Toxins. 2015; 7 (1):21-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas De Mil; Mathias Devreese; Siegrid De Baere; Eric Van Ranst; Mia Eeckhout; Patrick De Backer; Siska Croubels. 2015. "Characterization of 27 Mycotoxin Binders and the Relation with in Vitro Zearalenone Adsorption at a Single Concentration." Toxins 7, no. 1: 21-33.